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osi model, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) control plane Remote…

- - - - - network layer service models and protocols
        
        network layer protocols in every Internet device:
        hosts, routers
        
        Routers:
        
        examines header fields in all IP datagrams passing through it
        
        moves datagrams from input ports to output ports to transfer datagrams along end-end path
        
        Per-router control plane
        
        Individual routing algorithm components in each and every router interact in the control plane
        
        Architecture Overview
        high-level view of generic router architecture
        
        Input port functions
        
        destination-based forwarding: forward based only on destination IP address (traditional)
        
        generalized forwarding: forward based on any set of header field values
        
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        Switching fabrics
        
        transfer packet from input link to appropriate output link
        
        switching rate: rate at which packets can be transfer from inputs to outputs
        -- often measured as multiple of input/output line rate
        -- N inputs: switching rate N times line rate desirable
        
        3 major types of switching gabrics
        
        via memory
        
        via bus
        
        via interconnection network
        
        Packet buffering
        
        Input port queuing: Head-of-the-Line (HOL) blocking
        
        Output port queuing
        
        buffering when arrival rate via switch exceeds output line speed
        
        queueing (delay) and loss due to output port buffer overflow!
        
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        Sender:
        encapsulates segments into datagrams, passes to link layer
        receiver:
        delivers segments to transport layer protocol
        
        example services for a flow of datagrams:
        
        in-order datagram delivery
        
        guaranteed minimum bandwidth to flow
        
        restrictions on changes in inter-packet spacing
        
        example services for individual datagrams:
        
        guaranteed delivery
        
        guaranteed delivery with less than 40 msec delay
    - - datagram format
      - IP addressing
        
        Subnet
        
        IP addressing: CIDR
        
        How to get IP address?
        
        DHCP client-server scenario
        
        Hierarchical addressing
      - NAT: network address translation
      - IPv6
    - - OpenFlow: flow table entries
        
        OpenFlow: examples
  - - - link state
      - distance vector
    - - scaling problem
      - Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is an IP address allocation method that improves data routing efficiency on the internet.
    - - Software-Defined Networking (SDN) control plane
        
        Remote controller computes, installs forwarding tables in routers
        
        All traditional networking devices like router and switches uses distributed control plane. But newer model of networking i.e., Software-defined Networking (SDN) uses centralized control plane. Distributed control plane means that control plane of all networking devices lies within the device itself.
        Each device have their own control plane to control data plane. In Centralized control plane system, there is a device which contains control plane of all devices. This device control the activities of data plane of all networking devices simultaneously. This device is called Controller or SDN controller.
        
        Southbound Interface
        
        In SDN, all networking devices must be connected to controller so that it can regulate data planes of all devices. When drawing architecture of network, usually the network architect places networking devices below controller. Now according to map conventions, interface between controller and networking devices lies to south of controller. Hence, these interfaces are called Southbound Interface.
        
        Southbound interface is an interface between a program on controller and a program on networking device. Note that these interfaces we are discussing are software interface not physical one.
        
        Northbound Interface :
        
        Controller need to know many information regarding network so that it can control data plane of networking devices All these information are provided by Network Programmer. Network Programmer provide essential information to controller through various software or script about what functions it has to do. Again these softwares/scripts are placed above controller in network architecture. This placement of software/script makes interfaces between controller and software in north direction, according to map conventions. Hence, Interfaces between controller and softwares are called Northbound Interface. These interfaces enable programmability of network.
        
        All interfaces we discussed above are program based interfaces. These interfaces in a broader sense are called Application Program Interface (API). An API is an interface through which two program can exchange data between them.
        
        Where is SDN used?
        
        Enterprises use SDN, the most widely used method for application deployment, to deploy applications faster while lowering overall deployment and operating costs. SDN allows IT administrators to manage and provision network services from a single location.
        
        Cloud networking software-defined uses white-box systems. Cloud providers often use generic hardware so that the Cloud data center can be changed and the cost of CAPEX and OPEX saved.
- - - - tracerout
- - - - (2 SOCKETS INVOLVED)
        
        IP + PORT NUMB
      - PROTOCOLS
  - - - COOKIES
      - Non-persistent
        
        response time
        
        Persistent HTTP
      - HTTP request message
      - HTTP response message
    - - OPTION 1
  - - - (client-server)
  - - - root name servers
  - - - Streaming stored video
  - - - UDP Socket programming
        
        Example app:
        UDP client
        
        Example app:
        UDP server
      - UDP Socket programming
- - - - UDP
        RFC 768
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- - - - ARP protocol in action
      - Addressing
    - - Ethernet frame structure