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INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINE, History of medicine https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih…
INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINE
Outcomes
explain the role of BME in medicine and communicate with medical doctors
identify engineering challenges in medical management of selected common diseases
write a proposal outline to improve the identified medical challenges
Outline
What is health?
a state of mental and physical well-being
as a result of the interaction between genes and the environment
What is medicine?
application of medical science and pratice of medical skills to the management of disease/medical conditions
including
history talking
diagnosis (and prognosis)
treatment (and prevention)
branches of medicine
cardiovascular, hematology, rheumatology, psychiatry, ophthalmology, oncology, respiratory, GI, infectious disease, anesthesiology, radiology, reproduction, renal, endocrine, neurology, pharmacology, dermatology, pediatrics
Diseases and medical conditions
an illness (disease/medical conditions) has clinical manifestation (symptoms and signs)
a medical condition has etiology
medical condition has its pathological mechanism discovered -> disease
What is a disease?
an abnormal or disorder of health caused by morphological or functional disorders
morphological abnormalities (pathology)
(cells->tissues->organs)
functional abnormalities (a shift in homeostatis)
as an interaction between genes and environment
ex: germs, allergens, dust, toxins, stress,...
7 STEPS to manage a medical condition
1. history talking
symptoms and risk factors of a medical condition
history of presenting complaint and associated symptoms
past medical history: risk factors, medications, habits, occupation
family medical history: risk factors of genetic-related disease
2. physical exam
signs of abnormalities in body organs and systems
mental state and general appearance (gait, skin color,...)
vital signs: temperature, breath rate, pulse rate, blood pressure,..
specifics signs: inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation
3. diagnosis workup
homeostasis imbalance, functional disorders, histopathology (biopsy), pathologic agents of a medical condition
4. diagnosis technical exam
bioelectrical signals (ECG, EMG, EEG)
tissue and organs (diagnosis imaging)
5. treatment
medication (drugs, hormone replacement, targeted therapy,...)
surgery
replacement
++ assist devices/machine (cardiac pacemaker, respirator,...)
++ artificial tissue (heart valse, stent, bone,...)
++ stem cells
++ organ transplantation (kidney, liver,...)
tumor therapies: radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy,...
nutritional and physical therapy
6. prognosis
predicting the outcomes
7. prevention
primary prevention
++ vaccines
++ healthy habits/lifestyle
++ safe clinical practice
History of medicine
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4379645/
HISTORY OF THE PRESENTING COMPLAINT
when did the problem begin?
how long has it been bothering you?
how did it start (suddenly/gradually)
how often does it come on?
have you ever had anything like this before?
what brings it on?
does anything make it better/worse?
does it occer in certain positions?
does anything go along with it?
are you feeling sick, are you sweating?
where does it hurt?
is it constant pain/does it come and go?
does it interfere with your daily activities?