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Pressure is the result of collisions between the gas particles and the collisions between particles and the walls of the container that holds the gas
where Ptot = total pressure; Pa, Pb, Pc = partial pressures
where Xa = mole fraction of A = nA/ntot; Xb = mole fraction of B = nB/ntot
Particles of a real gas have volume Particles of a real gas attract each other
Vapor pressure lowering: ΔPsolution = Xsolute P° Boiling point elevation: ΔTb = Kb x m Freezing point depression: ΔTf = - Kf x m Osmotic pressure: π = MRT
The gas pressure under this equilibrium condition is called the vapor pressure
There are more solvent molecules on the surface of the pure solvent than there are on the surface of the solution The solvent molecules will have a lower probability to escape the solution than the pure solvent, resulting in lower rate of vapor formation, thus lower vapor pressure.
α is between the edges b and c, β is between the edges a and c, and γ is between the edges a and b
For similar atoms: 2r = a where r = atomic radius, a = length of unit cell edge For 2 different ions: (rM+) + (rX-) = a
For similar atoms: 4r = a√2 For different ions: (2rM+) + (2rX-) = a√2
If Na+ ions (small spheres) are drawn at the corners, then Na+ ions are also present at each face of the unit cell If Cl- ions (large spheres) are drawn at the corners, then Cl- ions are also present at each face of the unit cell
Top layer: 1 Cl- ion, 1 Na+ ion Middle layer: 2 Cl- ions, 2 Na+ ions Bottom layer: Same number of ions as the top layer Thus the unit cell of NaCl has a total of 4 Cl- and 4 Na+ ions (the empirical formula is NaCl)
The hexagonal close packing (hcp) and the cubic close packing (ccp) are the most efficient packing in solids