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Translation, Malika Normuratova, Guide-220 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Transcription
      - Transliteration
      - Calquing
  - - - Realia
        
        Geographical names, anthroponyms (names of historical figures, artists, popular sportsmen, writets, etc.,names of works of literature and art,
        
        Techniques
        
        Transcription
        
        Usage of graphical means of the letter, for ex. Soviet, sputnik, kolkhoz
        
        Transliteration
        
        Transmission at the grapheme level, for ex. Lincoln-Линкольн, Ford-Форд
  - - - Confrontation : очная ставка, сличение, сопоставление (originally) - столкновение (in some contexts)
    - - "Re"-repetition, "de"-reverse, "ee"-nouns of the meaning of an object of action, "nik"-jargons, mini, midi, maxi, miniboom
    - - To front-page-помещать на первой странице, to snowball-быстро распространяться, the needy-нуждающиеся
    - - Transcription, transliteration, calque (air bridge-воздушный мост, nuclear umbrella-ядерный зонтик), descriptive translation
  - - - Reasons why it's difficult to understand the headlines
        
        Violation of the linguistic norms (abbreviated sentence structure, lack of articles, verb conjunctions, sense verbs and punctuation
        
        Insufficient knowledge of realis and culture
    - - Complete sentences as headings (all words may be capitalized)
      - Read the paragraph of the article to understand the meaning
      - Ellipses, i.e. sentences in which certain words are omitted to attract the attention
      - A common form of English heading is the A nominative sentence (a single noun or consists of two or more N+N nouns)
      - Combination with a participle or a gerund
      - Colons and question marks to attract the attention
      - Knowing the culture and translating word-for-word
  - - - Narrowing (specification), for ex. to explore the environment-исследовать местность, to investigate the market-исследовать рынок
    - - Expansion, for ex. Лечение оказалось успешным-The treatment turned to be successful., Их понимание ситуации-Their treatment of the situation
    - - Semantic development (modulation) - cause-effect relationship, for ex. I don't blame them. Я их понимаю (причина заменяется следствием: я их не виню, потому что я их понимаю. He is dead now. Он умер (Он умер, стало быть, он сейчас мертв)
    - - Emphatisation
        
        "A cow-eyed girl" : девица с коровьими глазами, волоокая красавица
      - Neutralising
        
        "A cow-eyed girl"-девушка с большими глазами
      - Functional substitution
        
        "The relaxation of the well-earned rest"-"наслаждаясь заслуженным отдыхом"
  - - - "It went like a bomb" : br.- it was a huge success., am - thing was terrible
    - - Alumimium-aluminum, catalogue-catalog, centre-center, etc.
    - - Accumulator-battery, autumn-fall, blinds-shades, cashier-teller, etc.
    - - Present Perfect - Past Simple, Past Perfect - Past Simple