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Female Reproductive System, image, image, image, image, image, image,…
Female Reproductive System
organs
Ovaries
Lying in pelvic cavities
Simple cuboidal and known as germinal epithelium
Tunica albuginea is a dense irregular connective tissue
Divided into two components
Cortex
Medulla
core of ovary contains loose connective tissue and vessels
Hilum is the route whereby vessels and nerves enter and leave the ovary
Oviducts
Uterus
Vagina
External Genitalia
Ovarian Follicles
component
Ovarian follicles located in cortex and surrounded by stromal cells
A follicle consists of an oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of follicular cells
2 ovaries of young adult female have about 400,000
follicles; most of them will degenerate (atresia)
About 450 follicles will cycle to ovulation in lifetime
type
Primordial Follicles
Primary oocyte that entered the prophase of first mitotic division
Surrounded with one layer of flattened follicular cells which are separated by a basal lamina from the stroma
Degenerate during lifetime
Most numerous in fetus
Mature Follicles (Tertiary or Graafian Follicles)
Mature follicle develops due to continued proliferation of granulosa cells
Growing Follicles
Nucleus enlarges and called germinal vesicle
Organelles increase in number and amount
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mitochondria
several golgi
complexes
RER
free ribosomes
type
Unilaminar primary follicles
one layer of cuboidal follicular cells
Multilaminar primary follicles
several layers of follicular (granulosa) cells
Theca
Interna
more cuboidal with round
nuclei
steroid producing cell features
SER
mitochondria with tubular cristae
lipid droplets
produce estrogen
highly vascularized
Externa
Composed of connective tissue andstromal cells with vessels forming a plexus
Cells are flattened
Secondary follicles
Fluid-filled spaces in granulosa layer fuse to form the antrum that become filled with liquor folliculi
Granulosa and theca cells increase in number
This fluid is an exudates of plasma and produced by
granulosa cells
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GAGs
proteoglycans
steroids and some hormones
steroid binding protein
Cumulus oophorus is a small group of granulosa cells that surround primary oocyte and project into antrum
A single layer of granulosa cells that immediately surround the primary oocyte is known as corona radiata
Most of follicle at this stage become atretic
Oocyte Meiotic Divisions
First meiotic division occurs just prior to
ovulation
Second meiotic division then begins and
stops at metaphase
Second meiotic division is completed after
fertilization
Ovulation
Before ovulation the surface of ovary loses its blood supply
Perifollicular connective tissue broken down by proteases
Ovum (Secondary oocyte) is drawn into open end of oviduct (fallopian tube)
Ovum remains viable about 24 hours after ovulation
Remnants of graafian follicle are converted to corpus hemorrhagicum
Corpus Luteum
Theca interna cells form theca-lutein cells which are smaller and darker staining than granulosa-lutein cells
Located in folds of cells in perimeter of corpus luteum form about 20% of cells population and are highly vascularized
Produce estrogen, progesterone and androgens
If pregnancy does not occur corpus luteum of mensturation survives only 10-14 days
In pregnancy it enlarges greatly due to HCG and lasts 6 months and called corpus luteum of pregnancy
Corpus luteum of pregnancy grows to a 5 cm diameter structure
Corpus Albicans
When the corpus luteum degenerate it is invaded by fibroblasts which manufacture collagen type I and form a fibrous structure known as corpus albicans
Large ones form after pregnancy and smaller ones after each ovulation
On the surface of ovary remnants of corpus albicans is visible as a scar
Oviduct
component
muscular tube 12 cm long
It is the site of fertilization
Upper end opens into peritoneal cavity near ovary
Lower end passes through the uterus wall
segments
intramural part in uterine wall
isthmus is adjacent to uterine wall
ampulla is dilated part
infundibulum is funnel-shaped part near ovary with fimbriae
defined Inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells
Muscularis peristaltic movements with the beating of the cilia of epithelium help to propel oocyte to the uterus
Serosa is a connective tissue layer lined by a simple squamous epithelium contains blood vessels and nerves
Lamina propria composed of
loose connective tissue
Ciliated cells are numerous near ovarian end of the tube
Uterus
region
Body
Fundus
Cervix
wall layers
Endometrium
Myometrium
Adventitia/Serosa
pear-shaped
Myometrium
Inner and outer layers are mostly
longitudinal in orientation
Middle layers are highly vascularized
Arcuate arteries located in this layers and is
known as Stratum Vasculare
thickest layer and defined layers of
smooth muscle
Middle layers thicken during pregnancy with
more and large smooth muscle cells and increased collagen fibers
Endometrium
mucosal lining of uterus composed of a simple columnar epithelium
ciliated columnar cells and secretory columnar cells
Lamina propria composed of dense irregular connective tissue and vessels supports epithelium and houses simple tubular glands
The glands have not ciliated cells
zones
Functional layer
thick superficial layer sloughed off during menstruation and replaced during each menstrual cycle
vascularized by coiled helical arteries that originate from arcuate arteries in stratum vasculare
Basal layer
deep narrow layer retained after menstruation whose glands epithelium and connective tissue element regenerate functional layer
supplied by short straight arteries which originate from arcuate arteries in stratum vasculare
Menstrual Cycle
main phases
Menstrual phase
days 1-4
Endometrial cells die and the functional layer is sloughed off
The disgorged blood removes patches of the functional
layer as menses
Vessels distal to constrictions are shed with the
functional layer causing some bleeding
Proliferative (follicular) phase
Ovulation
around day 14
Estrogen produced by theca cells of ovarian follicle
gland bases proliferate forming simple columnar epithelium and tubular glands of endometrium
Connective tissue cells proliferate in lamina propria
days 5-14
Coiled arteries grow into regenerated lamina propria
Secretory (luteal) phase
days 15-28
Coiled arteries grow into regenerated lamina propria
Glands develop further become highly coiled branched and begin to secrete
Coiled arteries also attain full development
Endometrium reaches 5 mm in thickness due to edema and accumulated glycogen secretions of the glands
average menstrual cycle is 28 day
Begins age 12-15 y/o ends age 45-50 y/o
Uterine Cervix
lined by mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium
Part of cervix in upper vagina has stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
Lamina propria composed of mostly dense connective tissue and many elastic fibers
Mucosa do not slough off during menstruation
Cervical mucosa contains branched cervical glands
At time of ovulation cervical glands secrete a serous fluid
Vagina
A thick stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium lines the vaginal mucosa
Estrogen stimulates epithelium to synthesize glycogen
Mucosa has not glands but increment of fluid during sexual arousal
External Genitalia(Vulva)
Mons pubis
overlying symphysis pubis covered by
skin that underneath it is a pad of fat
Labia majora
skin with coarse hair on their external surface, sweat and sebaceous glands, many nerve fibers
skin folds with an adipose core and a thin
layer of smooth muscle
Labia minora
folds of skin without hair and with core of
spongy connective tissue with elastic fibers
skin with sebaceous and sweat glands, and many nerve fibers
Clitoris
embryonic homologue of penis
contains 2 erectile tissue bodies
stratified squamous epithelium
heavily innervated
Bartholin’s glands
mucous secreting glands with
ducts opening into the vestibule of vagina
Minor vestibular glands
also opened into vestibule
Hymen
hin fold of epithelially enclosed fibrovascular connective tissue that narrow the orifice of vagina in virgin
Mammary Glands
Glands secrete by apocrine mechanism (lipids) and
exocytosis (proteins)
lobe surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue
and adipose tissue
Connective tissue surrounding acini has many plasma cells
and lymphocytes, sources of milk immunoglobulins
Each lobe has its own duct leading into lactiferous ducts of nipple
Interlobular ducts have simple cuboidal epithelium surrounded by myoepithelial cells
Lactiferous sinuses lined by stratified squamous epithelium that changes to stratified columnar or cuboidal deeper in lactiferous ducts
Glandular cells proliferate during pregnancy
Areola & Nipple
Areola
color darkens during pregnancy due to increased melanin
production by melanocytes
circular highly pigmented skin around nipple
contains sweat and sebaceous glands and also areolar glands of Montgomery that resemble both sweat and mammary glands
Nipple
protuberance at the center of areola that is covered
by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
core of nipple is composed of dense collagenous CT with
abundant elastic fibers connected to skin
Abundant smooth muscle fibers arrange in circular way
around nipple and in longitudinal way along long axis
Terminal portion of lactiferous ducts end at nipple
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