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BBS GD 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Signals are depolarizations (more positive) or hyperpolarizations (more negative) from RMP.
      - These signals are essential for communication.
- - - - Distant endocrine cells affect target cells.
      - Slower responses but longer-lasting effects.
      - Hormones travel through the bloodstream.
  - - - Gap junctions or plasmodesmata connect neighboring cells.
      - Allows small signaling molecules to pass.
      - Coordinates responses among groups of cells.
- - - - Negative feedback corrects alterations in the internal environment, restoring it to a fixed point.
      - Components include a sensor, a control point, and an effector.
      - Sensor detects changes in the internal environment and sends signals to the control center.
      - Control center then signals the effector to counteract the alterations.
      - Example: Regulation of body temperature.
  - - - Feedforward loop anticipates changes in the internal environment and prepares the body to responds
      - Components include a sensor, a control hub, and an effector.
      - Sensor detects changes in the surrounding environment and signals the control center.
      - Control center, in turn, signals the effector to prepare the body for impending changes.
      - Example: Release of insulin before a meal.
  - - - Positive feedback intensifies the initial stimulus.
      - Commonly associated with rapid processes like birthing and blood coagulation.
      - Components include a sensor, a control hub, and an effector.
      - Sensor detects the initial stimulus and transmits signals to the effector.
      - Control center receives signals from the sensor and instructs the effector to amplify the reaction.
      - Example: Production of oxytocin during childbirth.
- - - - Situated on top of each kidney.
      - Controls metabolism, blood pressure, sexual development, and the body's stress response.
    - - Regulates the sleep cycle.
      - Secretes melatonin.
    - - Produces insulin to regulate blood sugar levels.
    - - Two ovaries in females.
      - Release sex hormones (testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen).
    - - Found in males.
      - Produce sperm and the hormone testosterone.
      - Influence sperm production, physical strength, and sex drive.
  - - - Regulates the endocrine system.
      - Signals other glands, like the pituitary gland, to release hormones.
      - Influences mood, hunger, sleep cycles, and sexual function.
    - - Produces hormones that control other glands (thyroid, adrenal, ovarian, and testicular glands).
      - Plays a crucial role in processes like growth.
    - - Located at the base of the neck.
      - Regulates metabolism, the body's energy utilization process.
    - - Maintains critical calcium levels.
      - Affects bone health, brain function, heart health, and kidney function.
- - - - Communication between neurons occurs at specialized structures called synapses.
        
        Impulses travel from sensory receptor cells to coordinate a response.
        
        Chemical synapse: Involves dendrites and axons separated by a synaptic cleft (less than 40nm).
        
        Neurons initiate signals (presynaptic neuron) and release neurotransmitters from vesicles.
        
        Action potential causes vesicles to fuse, releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft (exocytosis).
        
        Postsynaptic neuron receives alerts and neurotransmitters bind with receptors, causing graded potentials.
        
        Sodium ions flow through channels, potentially leading to an action potential or an "all or nothing response."
        
        Two types of receptors: ion channels and G-protein receptors.
        
        Neurotransmitters are cleared from the synaptic cleft through diffusion, reuptake, or enzymatic degradation.
    - - A neurotransmitter used in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
        
        Triggers muscle contractions at the neuromuscular junction.
        
        Created in axon and stored in vesicles.
        
        Breaks down by acetylcholinesterase (Ache) into choline and acetate.
        
        Choline is reused in the presynaptic neuron, and the rest is embedded in the post-synaptic cell membrane.
        
        Has nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in different systems.
        
        Overstimulation can lead to paralysis if acetylcholine is not removed from receptors.
    - - Sensory nerves: transmit signals to your brain, allowing you to perceive touch, taste, smell, and vision
        Motor nerves: convey signals to your muscles or glands, enabling movement and function
- - - - Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and related target organs.
    - - Master regulator monitoring the body's internal environment.
      - Accepts sensory data from various sources.
      - Utilizes autonomic nervous system and endocrine pathways for responses.
    - - Link allowing communication between the hypothalamus and pituitary (master gland).
    - - Comprises anterior and posterior lobes.
      - Anterior pituitary affects various endocrine glands with hormones.
      - Posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones, including oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).