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BBS GD 4 - Coggle Diagram
BBS GD 4
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Feedback loops
Negative Feedback Loops
Negative feedback corrects alterations in the internal environment, restoring it to a fixed point.
Components include a sensor, a control point, and an effector.
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Positive Feedback Loops
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Components include a sensor, a control hub, and an effector.
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endocrine
Adrenal:
- Situated on top of each kidney.
- Controls metabolism, blood pressure, sexual development, and the body's stress response.
Pineal:
- Regulates the sleep cycle.
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Pancreas:
- Produces insulin to regulate blood sugar levels.
Ovaries:
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- Release sex hormones (testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen).
Testes:
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- Produce sperm and the hormone testosterone.
- Influence sperm production, physical strength, and sex drive.
Hypothalamus:
- Regulates the endocrine system.
- Signals other glands, like the pituitary gland, to release hormones.
- Influences mood, hunger, sleep cycles, and sexual function.
Pituitary:
- Produces hormones that control other glands (thyroid, adrenal, ovarian, and testicular glands).
- Plays a crucial role in processes like growth.
Thyroid:
- Located at the base of the neck.
- Regulates metabolism, the body's energy utilization process.
Parathyroid:
- Maintains critical calcium levels.
- Affects bone health, brain function, heart health, and kidney function.
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Homeostasis
homeostasis ensures the precise regulation of factors like pH, temperature, oxygen, ions, and glucose levels, creating an ideal environment for our body.
Active Transport
Active transport requires energy form of ATP, to move substances against their concentration gradient, from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration.
Transporter proteins: called pumps, actively transport ions and other molecules across the membrane.
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Neurons
Synaptic Transmission
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Action potential causes vesicles to fuse, releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft (exocytosis).
Postsynaptic neuron receives alerts and neurotransmitters bind with receptors, causing graded potentials.
Sodium ions flow through channels, potentially leading to an action potential or an "all or nothing response."
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Neurotransmitters are cleared from the synaptic cleft through diffusion, reuptake, or enzymatic degradation.
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We have about 86 billion neurons, and once a neuron dies, it cannot regenerate.
Acetylcholine
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Choline is reused in the presynaptic neuron, and the rest is embedded in the post-synaptic cell membrane.
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Types:
Sensory nerves: transmit signals to your brain, allowing you to perceive touch, taste, smell, and vision
Motor nerves: convey signals to your muscles or glands, enabling movement and function
Neuro endocrine
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Hypothalamus Role:
- Master regulator monitoring the body's internal environment.
- Accepts sensory data from various sources.
- Utilizes autonomic nervous system and endocrine pathways for responses.
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Pituitary Gland:
- Comprises anterior and posterior lobes.
- Anterior pituitary affects various endocrine glands with hormones.
- Posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones, including oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
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