Scenario II

Differential Diagnose

Definition and Classification of Rhinitis

Rhinitis

Polyp

Influenza

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URIs)

Sinusitis

Deviated Septum

Covid-19

Definition

Rhinitis is an inflammatory disease that is triggered by allergic reactions in patients with atopy who have been sensitized to allergens.

Classification

Neurogenic Rhinitis

Local Inflammatory Rhinitis

Gustatory Rhinitis

Etiology of Rhinitis

Spesific Causes

Non Spesific Causes

The specific causes are mostly inhalant allergens, the most frequently found allergens

Climate

Hormonal

Psychological

Infection and Irritation

Pathogenesis of Rhinitis

During inflammation mucociliary clearance may be impaired resulting in a large collection of mucus and excessive increase in anterior and/or posterior nasal discharge.

Pathofisiology of Rhinitis

Allergens that stick to the nasal mucosa will be captured by macrophages

The antigen will form peptide fragments which combine with class II HLA molecules which then form class II MHC peptide complexes

The complexes presented to T helper 0 (Th 0) cells and will release cytokines

After that, mastocytes and basophils will become active. This process is called the sensitization process

Physical Examination and Supportive Examination

Clinical Manifestation

The mucosa is pale pinkish gray and muddy covered with a thin layer of glistening mucus.

Prognosis of Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis reactions cause whole body reactions

Allergic rhinitis can interfere with activities, depending on the severity.

Allergic rhinitis can be controlled if the patient is able to identify the allergen

Management of Rhinitis

Avoid contact with allergens

Maintain and improve physical fitness

Pharmacotherapy treatment is required with drugs given for 2-4 weeks

Second-generation or newer oral antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids

Prevention and Education

Education

Avoid triggers

Tell the patients allergies are not life-threatening, but chronic and recurring symptoms increase the risk of complications

Prevention

Washing hands

The house has good ventilation

Take care of your health

Islamic Aspect

QS. Maryam:13

HR. Tirmidzi

Anterior Rhinoscopy

Skin Prick Test