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How do transport systems impact environment & people in cities?…
How do transport systems impact environment & people in cities? (revision)
Environmental impact
natural vegetations have to be cleared -> make way for transport system
loss of animal habitat
roadkill
Mitigation measure: construct ecological corridors for wildlife crossing
e.g. Eco-Link
BKE
in SG
Increased
carbon footprint
-> a measure of greenhouse gases emitted to support human activites
:warning: Excessive greenhouse gas -> enhanced greenhouse effect + global warming
transport systems consume energy (electricity, biofuel, petroleum) -> carbon dioxide & other greenhouse gases
contribute to
25% - 30% of emissions
mountainous regions have to be levelled
river may be temporarily diverted (construction of Downtown Line in SG)
Impact on people
Improves
mobility
-> ability of people and freight to move from place to place
facilitates social interactions
enables access to basic goods & services
access to employment and educational opportunites
Elderly
: may need more time and support to move around
Persons with Disabilities (PWDs)
: long-term intellectual physical / sensory impairments
face
barriers
that prevent them from carrying out daily activities / easy access
Initiatives
:
silver zones
green man plus reserved
reserved seating in bus
priority queue zones
wider fare gates
indicator lights
guide dog friendly
floor markings & stickers
Traffic congestion
-> occurs when road usage approaches/exceeds road capacity
happens during
peak periods
-> longer queues of slow moving vehicles)
travel to and from CBD area (e.g. major expressways)
high traffic volume + slow speed = longer travelling time
Affects:
physical well-being (seat too long)
mental well-being (frustrated)
when vehicles remain stationery / constantly start & stop -> more fuel burnt & wasted + worsened air quality
Health risks
Air
pollution: increased air pollutants & particulate matter released
e.g smog :warning:
Effects:
respiratory problems (breathing difficulty, asthma, lung cancer)
eye infection
Noise
pollution: more noise produced with high traffic volume
Effects:
hearing impairments
mental stress
heart-related illnesses
World Health Organisation (WHO) : reduce noise level to below 54 decibels
Safety risks
Overcrowding -> theft and outrage of modesty terrorists attacks
Mitigation measure:
safety cameras
Transport accidents (road)
Implications
on:
healthcare
insurance
damage to property and life
Mitigations
:
regulating use of mobile phones while driving
speed cameras -> deter and detect speeding
road safety education