WBC's and platelets
WBC
Types of granulocytes
neutrophil
eosinophils
basophils
band, seg
maturation stages
myeloblast
promyelocyte
myelocyte
metamyelocyte
band
seg
When reading a slide be on the conservative side and call it the more mature one
0-2% in bone marrow
15-20 μm, 7:1-5:1 nucleus
no granules, basophilic cytoplasm
1-3 nucleoli
no clumping chromatin
1-4% in bone marrow
12-24 μm, 5:1-3:1 nucleus
little clumping
azurophilic granules in basophilic cytoplasm
1-2 nucleoli
5-20% in the bone marrow
10-18 μm, 2:1- 1:1 nucleus
slight clumping (way to differentiate from promyelocyte)
blueish pink cytoplasm, azurophilic granuoles
0-1 nucleoli ( most likely wont see it
5-15% in the bone marrow
10-18 μm, 1:1 nucleus (big identifier to differentiate from myeolocyte
basophilic chromatin
pink with granules cytoplasm
0 nucleoli
10-35% in the bone marrow
10-16μm, 1:1-1:2 nucleus
pink, violet pink granuoles cytoplasm
clumped chromatin
0 nucleoli
smooth indented nucleus
10-16μm, 1:3 nucleus
5-15% in the bone marrow
pink, violet pink granuoles in cytoplasm
clumped chromatin
multiple lobes connected
0 nucleoli
very clumped blue-purple chromatin
0-1% in bone marrow
10-16μm
pink with red big granule in cytoplasm
bilobed nucleus
promyelocytes can be indentified cytochemically
10-16μm, 1:3 nucleus
0-1% in bone marrow (least amount)
pale blue with black-blue granules
very clumped chromatin
identified by purple granules
granules can be washes away in staining
neutrophil kinetics
movement between pools
Neutrophils split 50/50 in the periferal blood in the circulating pool or the marginal pool
there for 10 hour
bone marrow
mitotic pool
12-21 days
maturation and storage pool
6-7 days
vasculature
6-14 days
tissue
4-5 days
stop or slow foreign material
phagocytized of the foreign material
moving to area of inflamation
neutrophilia increase in WBC
bone marrow 3-6 days, vasuculature 8-18 hours
anti- inflamitory, defense against helminth parasites
7 hrs in bone marrow, 10 hours in vascular
hypersensitivity immune reactions
Monocytes: monoblast
15-25μm, 7:1-4:1 nucleus
fine chromatine
0-1% in bone marrow
1-2 nucleoli
moderately basophilic cytoplasm, no granules
promonocytes
monocyte
14-20μm, 4:1-2:1 nucleus
0-1% in bone marrow
reticular pattern for chromatin
paler blue-gray cytoplasm
0-2 nucleoli
0 nucleoli
reticular pattern chromatin
12-18μm, 1:1-2:1 nucleus
0-2% in bone marrow
pale blue gray cytoplasm, has red dust like particles
has vacuoles
macrophage
when monocytes are in tissues
can enlarge in size
kupffer (liver), splenocytes (spleen), dust lungs, Langerhans (skin)
bone marrow (55 hours)
vasculature 8-12 hours
months
phagocytosis, defense mechanism (microorganism and tumor cells), scavenger (damage cells, plasma proteins, plasma lipids), breaks down heme oxidase to get to iron, process antigens for lymphocyts, produce and secrete substances
platelets (thrombocyte)
thrombocytopenia- <150k of platelets
thrombocytosis >450k of platelets
pre megakaryoplast
megakaryoblast
bfu, cfu, ld-cfu meg cant be distinguished on the microscope
CFU, BFU goes through mitosis and LD-CFU goes through endomitosis
DNA doubles but it doesnt split
promegakaryocytes
red-purple fine chromatin
basophilic nongranular cytoplasm
1-2 nucleoli
20-45μm, 5:1-3:1 nucleus
megakaryocyte
increased red-purple fine chromatin
basophilic, azurophilic granules
0-1 nucleoli
20-80μm, 3:1-1:1 nucleus
Platelet
blue-purple granular chromatin
pale blue with pink hue, many azurophilic granules cytoplast
0 nucleoli
30-100μm
"mother cell"
no nucleus
light blue-purple cytoplasm
1-4μm
kicks out nucleus
bone marrow (5-7 days)
vasculature (7-10 days)
hemostasis through fibrin production, stop bleeding
lymphocytes
AG independent development: primary organs (bone marrow and thymus)
AC dependent development; secondary organs (spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, etc)
T cell differenciates in thymus, b cell in bone marrow
pre-lymphoblast is indistiguishable from one another
lymphoblast
prolymphocyte
basophilic cytoplasm
1-2 nucleoli
no clumping chromatin
10-20μm, 7:1-4:1 nucleus
indistinguishable to a myloblast to the untrained eye
small lymphocyte
0-1 nucleoli
clumped, blue purple chromatin
basophilic cytoplasm
9-18μm, 5:1-3:1 nucleus
0 visible nucleoli
dark purple, clumped chromatin
basophilic cytoplasm
7-10μm 4:1-2:1 nucleus
medium lymphocyt
large lymphocytes
pale-blue, may contain azurophilic granules
10-12μm
chromatin is clumped, no nucleoli
clear, pale, may contain azurophilic granulescytoplasm
13-15μm
coarse chromatin
5% in peripheral, 95% in vascular
bone marrow- 3days, vasculature 3-4 days, can be up to 10 years
can move between whenever they want
Function
B- humoral immunity (antibodies)
t- cell mediated immunity
secretion of lymphokines
helper, cytotoxic, suppressor
atypical (reactive) lymphs: outside normal standards
if many may be battling viral infection
abnormalities in WBC
toxic granulation
heavy darkened granules in neutrophils
shows severe infections, drug poisoning, and burns
Dohle bodies
light blue area in cytoplasm of neutrophil
shows infections, poisoning, burns, chemo, toxemia of pregnancy, may-hegglin anomaly
hypersegs
6 or more lobes in a neutrophil
shows megaloblastic anemis, chronic infection, Undritz anomaly
vacuolated
result of phagocytosis
shows septicemia, severe infection, can be from storage in EDTA
degenerated
structureless mass (pyknotic nucleus)
not counted in differential
storage in EDTA
pelger- huet anomaly
bi-lobed nucleus (glasses)
benign inherited disorder, myelocytic leukemia, severe infection
Chediak- steinbrinck-higashi syndrome
red-purple granuoles in cytoplasm
rare fatal disorder
alder-reilly anomally
blue-black granulation throughout
hurlers or hunters syndrome (inherited)
may-hegglin anomaly
larger than normal dohle, giant platelets are also here
inherited disorder
auer rods
red-purple rods in myeloblasts, mono, promyelocytes
showed in acute monocytic leukemia, acute mylogenous leukemias erythroleukemia
smudge cells
disintegrating nucleus
increased chronic lymphocytic leukemia, rupture during cell prep
platelet satellitosis
reacting to serum factor of EDTA
platelets encircling neutrophils
average # platlets in 10 fields * 20000=confirmation on platelet count