Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Exam 2 Material, Gas Diffuses Through Stomata, Cyanobacteria is likely the…

- - - - Early thermophiles gave way to cooler environments.
        
        Photosynthesis limited by temperature and unknown above 74C.
    - - Secrete mucilage sticking together in thin mats on rock surface.
      - Stromatolites Information
        
        Create bands of sediment and dead bacteria, growing similar to reef.
        
        Layers of photosynthetic bacteria/cyanobacteria.
    - - 2-methylhopane is almost exclusive in cyanobacteria cell walls.
      - Caused Rusting of Early Earth
        
        Early Earth Covered in Ocean
  - - - Chlorophyll B
        
        Peak Absorbance
        
        450nm - 650nm
        
        Second Most Abundant Pigment in Plants
      - Chlorophyll A
        
        Most Abundant Pigment in Plants
        
        Peak Absorbance
        
        430nm - 660nm
      - Accessory Pigments
        
        Carotenoids
        
        Beta carotene
        
        Help broaden absorption spectrum.
    - - Electromagnetic spectrum holds much energy that cannot be used.
        
        Visible light spectrum can be used.
        
        400nm - 750nm
  - - - Antennal Complex
        
        Accessory Pigments
        
        Chlorophyll Pigments
        
        Reaction Center
      - Connected by Electron Transport Chain
        
        Excited Photosystem I electron grabbed by Pheophytin.
        
        Passed to Plastoquinone.
        
        Passed to CytochromeB6F Complex
        
        Passed to Plastocyanin
        
        Passed to Photosystem I
        
        1 more item...
    - - P700
        
        More Chlorophyll A
        
        Absorbs Longer Wavelengths
    - - P680
        
        More Chlorophyll B
        
        Absorbs Shorter Wavelenghts
      - Photolysis
        
        Uses light energy to split water.
        
        Oxigen Evolviong Complex
        
        Oxygen diffuses out of stomata.
  - - - Photophosphoralation
        
        Cyclic Photophosphorylation
        
        Photosystem I
        
        Plastoquinone
        
        CytochromeB6F
        
        Plastocyanin
        
        Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
        
        e- from Photosystem II to NADPH
        
        NADP+
        
        Final Electron Acceptor
        
        Helps Build Proton Motive Force
      - aka Light Reactions
      - ATP Synthase
        
        Use the proton motive force
        
        Run the molecular machine
        
        Force Pi onto ADP to form ATP
    - - aka Dark Reactions
      - aka Calvin-Benson- Bassham Cycle
      - RuBisCO
        
        Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase
        
        Fixes CO2 into Organic Carbon
        
        Found in Most Autotrophs
        
        Photorespiration
        
        RuBisCo binds to Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen
        
        CO2 Binding
        
        O2 Binding
      - Fixation
        
        Reduction
        
        Regeneration
- - - - Current Land Plants
      - Haplodiplontic
        
        Greek, haploos + diploos + einai = single double being
    - - aka Interpolation Theory
    - - Heteromorphic Generations
      - Sporophyte
        
        Short-lived
        
        Simple
      - Gametophyte
        
        Relatively Complex
        
        Persistant
  - - - Dominant Leafy Gametophyte
      - Temporary Diploid Sporophyte
    - - Archegoniophore
        
        Female
      - Antheridiophore
        
        Male
      - Dominate Life Stage
    - - Temporary Diploid Sporophyte
      - Dominant Leafy Gametophyte
    - - Small, temporary structure.
      - Parasitic on gametophyte.
      - Meiosis occurs within sporangium.
        
        Spores (1n)
        
        Sporocytes (2n)
  - - - Heterosporous
      - Sperm must still swim to the egg.
      - Retained within the spore walls.
    - - Both male and female develop within the spore wall.
      - Small
      - Microgametophytes
        
        Male
        
        Antheridium
        
        Sperm
      - Megagametophytes
        
        Female
        
        Archegonium
        
        Egg
    - - Mega = Female
      - Micro = Male
      - Heterosporous
  - - - Megagametophyte
        
        Protected by Integuments
      - Microgametophyte
        
        No longer restricted to water.
    - - Large dominant diploid stage.
      - Gametophyte reduced to microscopic structures.
    - - Microgametophyte
        
        Multicellular Haploid Stage
        
        Pollen Grain
        
        Immature
        
        Mature Germinating
      - Megagametophyte
        
        Multicellular Haploid Individual
        
        Egg one of the cells (nuclei).
      - Angiosperm
        
        Sporophyte Dominant
        
        Gametophytes are microscopic.
- - - - Small pore bounded by specialized epidermal cells, guard cells.
        
        Permit rapid gas exchange in higher plants.
        
        Control of water loss permit giants among plants.
      - Originally aided in desiccation of sporophyte.
        
        Stomata near sporophyte sporangia.
      - Low Stomatal Frequency
        
        Location on non-photosynthetic sporophyte tissue in early lineages.
    - - Early Devonian sporangia ~400 mya stomata scattered across sporangia
        
        Similarities link to similar functions in extant angiosperms
    - - Eudicot
        
        Kidney-shaped
        
        Random Orientation
      - Monocot (grasses)
        
        Dumbbell Shape
        
        Same direction as epidermal cells.
  - - - Active Metabolic Processes
        
        Increase Turgor Pressure
        
        Moves ions, water follows by osmosis.
        
        Hypotonic to Hypertonic
        
        Cytoskeleton microfibrils radially oriented.
    - - Provides ATP for Potassium Pump
        
        Protons are pumped out.
        
        Potassium moved in.
        
        Ancestral condition filled with chloroplasts.
      - Closure at night or when under water stress.
        
        Reduce Transpiration
        
        Maintain Hydration
- - - - Present Atmospheric Oxygen Levels
        
        ~535x more O2 than CO2
        
        ~20.9% O2
      - During the appearance of land plants.
        
        8-15x higher in CO2
        
        ~4% O2
    - - Major evolutionary changes in morphology & reproduction
      - ~470Ma
      - Multicellular sporophyte retain the zygote & embryo within the female gametophyte.
    - - Sometimes grow as flat disc very similar to present day liverworts.
      - The first land plants evolved from algae.
    - - Earliest evidence from spores and tissue fragments.
      - Liverwort Macrofossils
        
        ~390 MYA
        
        Middle Devonian
        
        Dichotomously Branched
      - First Macrofossils
        
        Cooksonia sporophytes
    - - Specialized conducting cells
  - - - Sporophyte Evolves Dominance
    - - All land plant sporophytes but liverworts.
      - Often, aerial surfaces covered with cuticle.
    - - Gametophyte
        
        Completely dependent on sporophyte.
        
        Egg protected by special layers of tissue.