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Exam 2, One of the earliest land plant features - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Chlorophyll
        
        Chlorophyll a
        
        Most abundant in plants
        
        Makes up Reaction Center in PS I + II
        
        Chlorophyll b
        
        2nd most abundant in plants
    - - Action Spectrum indicates Cl a + b are not only needed pigments
      - Carotenoids
  - - - Early atmosphere too warm for photosynthesis to take place
    - - Creates bands of sediment and dead bacteria
        
        (similar to reef)
      - Layers of photosynthetic bacteria/cyanobacteria
      - Cyanobactera
        
        (Likely oldest known fossilized organism)
        
        2-methylhopane almost exclusive in cyanobacteria cell walls
    - - Precipitation and rusting of iron shows increase in oxygen from photosynthesizers (cyanobacteria)
        
        Banded Iron Formations
      - iron loving microbes dropped out of fossil record
      - Very little free oxygen prior to build-up of photosynthesizers
  - - - Photosystem I
        
        Absorbs longer wavelengths
        
        PS700
        
        Cl a > b
      - Photosystem II
        
        Oxygen evolving complex
        
        Chl b > a
        
        PS680
      - Energy absorption and excitation occurs in organized complexes of pigments & proteins called photosystems
        
        Antennal Complex, Reaction Center, Chlorophyll + accessory pigments
        
        Photophosphorylation
        
        Non-cyclic
        
        e- from PSII to NADPH
        
        Product of Thylakoid rxn, Reactant for Stromal rxn
        
        1 more item...
        
        Helps to build proton motive force
        
        Photolysis
        
        Light energy splits water
        
        2 more items...
        
        Photolysis occurs in PS II at OEC
        
        1 more item...
        
        Cyclic
        
        PS I > Plastoquinone > Cty b6,f > Plastocyanin
        
        Electron flow coupled w/ protons
        
        Protons trapped in thylakoid chamber
        
        Electrons return to chlorophyll
        
        Proton Pumps
        
        Brings protons from stroma to lumen
        
        Plastoquinone + Cytochrome b6,f
        
        ATP Synthase
        
        Force P to ADP = ATP
        
        Protons move from lumen to stroma
      - Connected by ETC
        
        Electron passed from PS II to PS I
        
        PS II > Pheophytin > Plastoquinone > Cty b6,f > Plastocyanin > PS I
        
        From PS I to NADP +
        
        Product of Thylakoid rxns, Reactant for Stromal rxns
  - - - Dark Reactions
    - - Reduction
        
        Regeneration
        
        Carbon shuffling
        
        Get the RuBP back
        
        Takes more ATP
        
        Energy from ATP stored into C3 molecule
        
        Energetic electrons reduce C3 molecule
        
        Ends in pool of G3P
        
        Further metabolism to form glucose
        
        gluconeogenesis
        
        Occurs in:
        
        1 more item...
      - RuBisCO - CO2 bound to RuBP (C5) = 2 C3s
    - - RuBisCO binds to CO2 and O2
        
        CO2 binding
        
        Uses less ATP
        
        O2 binding
        
        not as effecient
        
        produces ammonia (toxic)
        
        Higher light tolerance
        
        Alpine, drought + high salinity environments
- - - - zygote undergoes mitosis instead of immediately meiosis (forming 2n sporophyte)
    - - Early sporophyte simple/ short-lived
  - - - Dominant leafly gametophyte, temporary diploid sporophyte
    - - Antheridia contain sperm
    - - Archegonium contain egg
    - - Meiosis occurs in sporangium
  - - - Selaginella
        
        retained within spore wall
        
        Sperm swims to egg
        
        Gametophyte
        
        Male + Female develope in spore wall
        
        Sporophyte
        
        heterosporous
        
        Micro= Male
        
        Mega= female
        
        Reduction in megasporocytes to 1 per megasporangium
    - - (polypod fern)
        
        Independent gametophyte + sporpohyte
        
        Sporophyte
        
        Sori (sporangia + indusia)
        
        Large persistent diploid
        
        Megagametophyte
        
        Female (Archegonium + Egg)
        
        Microgametophyte
        
        Male (Antheridium + Sperm)
  - - - PINE
        
        Sporophyte
        
        Large dominant diploid stage
        
        (gametophyte reduced)
        
        Gametophyte
        
        Microgametophyte
        
        Pollen
        
        Megagametophyte
        
        nutritive tissue protected by integuments
        
        within an ovule
    - - LILY
        
        Gametophyte
        
        Microgametophyte
        
        immature = pollen grain
        
        Megagametophyte
        
        egg one of the cells (nuclei)
        
        Sporpohyte
        
        Diverse for flowering plants
- - - - Active metabolic processes
        
        increase turgor pressure
        
        moves ions + water
      - cytoskeleton microfibrils radially oriented
    - - Protons pumped out, potassium moves in
      - Provides ATP for K+ pump
      - Closure at night or when stressed
        
        Close poor during water stress
        
        maintain hydration reduce transpiration
        
        ABA responsive in seed plants
        
        VPD responsive in angiosperm
  - - - Similarities link to similar functions in extant angiosperms
    - - Stomata near sporophyte sporangia
        
        No intercellular space
    - - Location on non-photosynthetic sporophyte tissue in early lineages
        
        stomata can only open
    - - Eudicot
        
        Kidney shape (random orientation)
      - Monocot (grass)
        
        dumbbell shape (same direction as epidermal cells
  - - - allows for thylakoid rxn to take place
- - - - Downward growing rhizomes
      - Positive graviropism + negative phototropism
      - Evolved root cap + new way to branch
        
        early roots branched at tip
    - - Stomata came first w/ moss
    - - Angiosperm
        
        Hidden seed
      - Gymnosperm
        
        Naked seed
  - - - very weak ozone
    - - Terrestrialization
        
        Multicellular sporophyte
        
        Retain the zygote & embryo within the female gametophyte
        
        Apical cells with 3 cutting faces allow for 3-dimensional parenchymatous tissue
    - - Charophycean green algae
    - - Cooksonia sporophyte
        
        First macrofossil ~425 MYA
        
        Gametophytes complex
      - Liverwort
        
        ~390 MYA
        
        Older species were gametophyte dominant
      - ~443 MA
        
        Vascular plants
        
        specialized conducting cells (water + food)
        
        Tracheid fossils ~415 Ma
        
        Gametophyte no longer dominant
        
        Spore evidence