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The Gender Pay Gap before and after Women become Mothers, The three…

- - - - The "motherhood penalty", impacts wages, perceived competence, and career opportunities of working mothers compared to women without children and men.
    - - "Research consistently shows a steep decline in women’s wages after their first child, while men’s incomes stay relatively stable" (N26).
      - "women face a job market in which they earn roughly 20% less than their male partners" (N26).
      - “And the longer a women stays home, even if she works part-time, the less optimistic her future prospects and earning potential become” (N26).
    - - The article is published on the n26.com blog. N26 is a major financial services company. The claims in the article seem accurate. They cite research from reputable sources like the OECD, IFS, and World Economic Forum. The data matches other sources.
        
        main idea
        
        motherhood triggers substantial wage and opportunity penalties for women that stem from cultural biases and discrimination
- - - - CNBC is an established mainstream media outlet with professional journalistic standards. The author cites studies from authoritative sources like the Census Bureau and peer-reviewed academic journals.
        
        main idea
        
        Having children substantially depresses women's earnings while boosting men's due to systemic factors like discrimination, biased cultural roles, and career impediments after motherhood.
    - - Having children creates a gender disparity in earnings and economic impacts, with women facing a significant "motherhood penalty" to their income after childbirth.
    - - "According to an analysis of Census data by the non-profit National Women’s Law Center, mothers in the U.S. are paid 71 cents for every $1 fathers make — about $16,000 a year in lost wages" (Hess).
      - "the gap between the median salaries of all working men and women in the U.S. is about 80 cents earned by women for every dollar earned by a man" (Hess).
      - “Women are more likely to take jobs that have one or two very important amenities for people who are trying to rear families, and one of those amenities is flexibility in work time" (Hess).
- - - - "Paycheck to Paycheck" features interviews with real people, including Katrina Gilbert, whose life is the focus of the documentary. Personal stories and experiences add authenticity and credibility to the film.
        
        main idea
        
        Katrina's life serves as a painful example of the unique challenges faced by single mothers, including balancing work, childcare, and financial stability.
    - - "If I went to a normal daycare it would cost me $300 per week for all 3 of my children, I mean that's the whole paycheck"(Paycheck to Paycheck 7:04-7:13).
      - "I went to get my prescriptions last night, it was over $400 for my medication, so I can't pay that. I had to pick and choose which ones to get"(Paycheck to Paycheck 29:42- 29:57).
      - "Katrina is the sole breadwinner, making $9.49 an hour"(Paycheck to Paycheck 3:51).
    - - Raises the argument that the absence of paid family leave in the United States puts additional financial strain on families, especially single mothers, who often have to choose between work and caregiving responsibilities.
- - - - that motherhood can have a substantial impact on women's employment and earnings in the United States, primarily due to structural barriers and the lack of supportive policies
    - - The U.S. Census Bureau is a government agency responsible for collecting and publishing data on various aspects of the U.S. population and society. As a government entity, it is accountable for the accuracy and reliability of the data provided.
        
        main idea
        
        Discuss how women's labor force participation and income can be affected by the decision to become mothers, emphasizing that women often face challenges in maintaining their careers and achieving economic equality due to the responsibilities associated with motherhood.
    - - "For mothers who continue to work, earnings fall by an average of $1,861 in the first quarter after pre-pregnancy or in early pregnancy (three quarters before the birth.)" (Sandler & Szembrot).
      - "Women who leave the labor force for at least one year after giving birth initially experience lower earnings when they return than those who take less time off" (Sandler & Szembrot).
      - "When working women have children, they experience a permanent setback in their likelihood of working and a big temporary drop in earnings" (Sandler & Szembrot).
- - - - Motherhood results in substantial career costs for women, incurring long-term wage and occupational prestige penalties.
    - - The authors, Joan R. Kahn, Javier García-Manglano, and Suzanne M. Bianchi, are scholars with expertise in sociology and family studies. Their academic backgrounds and research experience contribute to the article's credibility.
        
        main idea
        
        examine and highlight the long-term, persistent negative effects of motherhood on women's careers as they reach midlife
    - - "the annual motherhood earnings gap narrows from about $7,500 among women at age 27 to about $2,500 by age 45, with a complete closing of the gap between mothers with one or two children" (Kahn et. al 57).
      - "Several studies using cross-sectional data to simulate women’s lifetime earnings losses associated with motherhood have estimated a gradual narrowing with age, but still a persistent motherhood gap by the mid-40s" (Kahn et. al 57).
      - "Studies have generally found average wage penalties ranging from 5% to 10% per child among women in their 20s and 30s" (Kahn et. al 57).
- - - - Eunjung Jee, Joya Misra, and Marta Murray-Close are academics with expertise in sociology and related fields. Their qualifications and research experience add to the credibility of the article.
        
        main idea
        
        using quantitative date and statistical analysis to support its findings and conclusions with a specific focus on the impact of motherhood on women's economic well-being and career advancement
    - - addressing the gender wage gap and examining how and to what extent motherhood contributes to income disparities between men and women
    - - “Mothers may also be penalized for being less engaged in the labor market or working in fields that are less well compensated” (Jee et. al 436).
      - “Research based on both a laboratory experiment and a real-world audit study with actual employers found that mothers were offered salaries 7.9% less than childless women” (Jee et. al 436).
      - “Mothers working full-time earn approximately 71% of what fathers earn, even as more than 70% of families rely on income from a working mother” (Jee et. al 434).
- - - - persistent wage gap between mothers and non-mothers, resulting in a significant penalty for women who become mothers during their careers.
    - - Rebecca Glauber is a known researcher in the field of sociology and economics, and her work has been published in reputable journals. This adds credibility to the article.
        
        main idea
        
        to analyze the trends and variations in the impact of parenthood on wages, specifically focusing on the motherhood wage penalty
    - - "In 1970, women earned 62 % of what men earned” (Glauber 1664).
      - “By the early 2010s, low-earning women paid an 8% wage penalty for three or more children. Middle-earning women paid a 5% wage penalty for three or more children” (Glauber 1675).
      - “The motherhood wage penalty was 7% in the early 1980s, 5% at the beginning of the 1990s, 2% at the start of the 2000s, and negligible by the early 2010s” (Glauber 1668).
- - - - Daniel Oesch, Oliver Lipps, and Patrick McDonald are recognized scholars in the field of sociology and economics, and they have published extensively on related topics. Their expertise enhances the credibility of the research.
        
        main idea
        
        To investigate the existence of a wage penalty for motherhood in Switzerland and highlight how the wage penalty for motherhood manifests in terms of reduced earnings and career advancement opportunities for women who have children.
    - - argue that there is a wage penalty for motherhood, indicating that women with children experience lower wages compared to women without children or to men with or without children.
    - - “The unexplained wage residual for motherhood may arise from two sources: the unobserved effects of motherhood on work productivity or employer discrimination against mothers” (Oesch et. al 1794).
      - "Once women have children their absolute monthly wages fall massively; by almost 20% per child according to the SLFS." (Oesch et. al 1804).
      - “In Britain, Germany, and the United States, this residual varies between a low of 3%‒5% and a high of 8%‒ 10% per child and suggests that mothers incur an earnings penalty” (Oesch et. al 1794).