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CHAPTER 4:CHEMICAL BONDING - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 4:CHEMICAL BONDING
4.1 CONCEPT OF ELEMENT BONDING
THE OCTET RULE
LEWIS STRUCTURE
LEWIS SYMBOLS OF ATOMS
LEWIS STRUCTURE IN BONDING
LEWIS SYMBOLS OF IONS
4.2 INTRAMOLECULAR BONDING
IONIC BONDS
METAL TO NONMETAL
METAL LOSES ELECTRONS TO FORM CATION
NON-METAL GAINS ELECTRONS TO FORM ANION.
THE POSITIVE CATIONS STICK TO THE NEGATIVE ANIONS, LIKE A MAGNET
CONDUCT ELECTRICITY WHEN MELTED OR DISSOLVED IN WATER
COVALENT BONDS
OFTEN FOUND BETWEEN TWO NON-METALS
ATOMS SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS TO ATTAIN OCTETS
ELECTRONS THAT ARE SHARED BY ATOMS ARE CALLED BONDING PAIRS
ELECTRONS THAT ARE NOT SHARED BY ATOMS ARE CALLED LONE PAIRS
Formal charge = (no of valence electrons) – (no of bonds + no. of unshared electrons)
DATIVE BOND
COVALENT BOND IN WHICH BOTH SHARED/BONDING ELECTRONS ORIGINATE FROM ONE OF THE JOINED ATOMS
POLAR COVALENT BOND
FORMED WHEN ONE OF THE ELEMENTS ATTRACTS THE SHARED ELECTRONS MORE STRONGLY THAN THE SECOND ELEMENT
ASYMMETRY IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRON DENSITY
4.3 INTERMOLECULAR BONDING
VAN DER WAALS FORCE
WEAK FORCES OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN NEUTRAL MOLECULES AND PARTICLE
DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE FORCES
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
HYDROGEN BOND: PERMANENT ATTRACTION WHICH OCCUR BETWEEN MOLECULES THAT HYDROGEN ATOM COVALENTLY BONDED TO SMALL HIGHLY ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOMS SUCH AS N,O AND F
HYDROGEN BONDS INCREASE THE BOILING POINTS OF COMPOUNDS THAT CONTAIN THEM BECAUSE IT TAKE MORE ENERGY TO BREAK THE EXTRA ATTRACTION
PARAMETER RELATED TO CHEMICAL BONDING
BOND ENERGY
ENERGY REQUIRED TO BREAK ONE MOLE OF GASEOUS MOLECULES INTO THEIR GASEOUS INDIVIDUALS ATOMS
BOND LENGTH
DISTANT BETWEEN TWO NUCLEI OF BONDED ATOMS IN A MOLECULE
BONG ANGLE
INTERNAL ANGLE OF INTERSECTION BETWEEN TEO LINBES FRAWN THROUGH THE NUCLEUS OF A CENTRAL ATOM FROM THE NUCLEI OF TWO ATOMS BONDED TO IT
LATTICE ENERGY
4.4 RESONANCE STRUCTURS
RESONANCE
STABILIZES THE MOLECULE
REAL MOLECULE IS A HYBRID OF ALL POSIBLE LEWIS STRUCTURES
4.5 METALLIC BOND
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC
HIGH MELTING AND BOILING POINT
MALLEABLLE AND DUCTILE
HIGH MELTING AND BOILING POINT
CONDUCT HEAT
THE BAND THEORY
WHEN A LARGE NUMBER OF BONDING AND ANTIBONDING ORBITALS FORM SO CLOSE TOGETHER IN ENERGY THAT THEY CREATE BANDS OF BONDING AND ANTIBONDING ORBITALS
INSULATOR
SEMICONDUCTOR
CONDUCTOR
THE ELECTRON SEA MODEL
ALL THE METAL ATOMS IN A METALLIC SOLID CONTRIBUTE THEIR VALANCE ELECTRONS TO FORM A "SEA" OF ELECTRON