AP Psychology Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology
Historical development
Wave 3:Psychoanalysis (used by psychologists and artists, unverifiable and theoretical)
Wave 4: Behaviourism (against previous, dominant through middle 20th century)
Wave 2: Gestalt Psychology (against Structuralism, contributes to study of perception)
Wave 5: Mult. Perspectives (main=eclectic)
Wave 1: Introspection(Establishes the science, little importance now)
Domains of Psychology
Research methods
Statistics (descriptive)
Ethics
These are more detailed branches of psychology. E.G. Clinical, Cognitive, Counselling, Experimental, Educational...
Mary W. Calkins(1st woman APA president)
Margaret F. Washburn(1st woman Ph. D in psychology)
William James
G. Stanley Hall(1st APA president, student of William James)
Wilhelm Wundt
Dorothea Dix (American mental hospitals)
Structuralism(mind=sensations + emotions) Used Introspection as method
Founder of modern psychology
1st psychology lab (1879, Leipzig)
Funtionalism(Real-life structuralism)
1st psychology textbook
Max Wertheimer & Fritz Perls (1+1>2)
Sigmund Freud
Unconscious mind
Repression (of events and feelings)
By dream analysis, word association, etc.
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
John Watson
conditioning, e.g. Pavlov's Dog
Behaviorism(Skinner's mouse)
Behaviorism(stimuli and response)
Humanist(free will and individual choice)
Psychoanalytic(unconsciousness)
Non explains psychology best
Biopsychology(biological reasoning)
Evolutionary/Darwinian(Natural selection)
Behavioral(e.g. classical/operant conditioning)
Cognitive(sensations affect our minds)
Socio-cultural
Biopsychosocial
Common points
Procedures, Effects and Biases
Variables
Theory
Hypothesis (statement, not question)
Reliability(replicability)
Validity(usefulness)
Sample
Participants/Subjects
Operational definition (measure of variables)
Experiment
Stratified(ensures result's representation)
Random(can generalized results)
Correlation study
Survey study (easy to do but untrustworthy)
Case studies (Detailed but too focused)
Naturalistic Observation (realistic but no control)
Field (more realistic)
Lab (more controlled)
Positive ( more of A = more of B)
Negative ( More of A = Less of B)
Not = cause and effect, only connection
Longitudinal study (long time, same group)
Cross-sectional study(different groups)
Measures of central tendency
Variability
Frequency distribution
Effects
Procedures
Biases
Assignment
confounding(result-messers)
Independent (manipulated)
dependent(results)
American Psychology Association (APA)
No coercion(not forced), informed consent, anonymity, risk(-less),
debriefing(after experiment)
Random assignment
Experimenter bias(want to prove their hypothesis)
Hindsight bias(I knew it all along)
Group matching
Experimental group( ind. variable modified)
Control group (ind. variable not modified)
Single-blind(no placebo)
Double-blind(no experimenter bias nor placebo)
Placebo(psychological bias)
Hawthorne (act different when being observed)
Order effect(order influences thought)
Median(50th percentile number)
Mode(most repeated number)
Mean(total's average)
Outliers (Q1-IQR1.5/Q3+IQR1.5)
positive(right) skewed
negative(left) skewed
Bimodal
range
Z score(specific sample's SD, (sample-mean):SD=Z score)
percentile(distance from 0 in percents)
standard deviation(average distance from mean)
Graphs
Scatter Plot
Bar graph
histogram
Normal Curve(symmetric)
correlation coefficient(strength of correlation)
line of best fit/regression line
P value(chance of different result)
Statistical significance(P value =<0.05 or 5%）