Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
AP Psychology Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology - Coggle Diagram
AP Psychology Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology
Historical development
Wave 3:Psychoanalysis (used by psychologists and artists, unverifiable and theoretical)
Sigmund Freud
Unconscious mind
Repression (of events and feelings)
By dream analysis, word association, etc.
Wave 4: Behaviourism (against previous, dominant through middle 20th century)
Ivan Pavlov
conditioning, e.g. Pavlov's Dog
B.F. Skinner
Behaviorism(Skinner's mouse)
John Watson
Behaviorism(stimuli and response)
Wave 2: Gestalt Psychology (against Structuralism, contributes to study of perception)
Max Wertheimer & Fritz Perls (1+1>2)
Wave 5: Mult. Perspectives (main=eclectic)
Humanist(free will and individual choice)
Psychoanalytic(unconsciousness)
Non explains psychology best
Biopsychology(biological reasoning)
Evolutionary/Darwinian(Natural selection)
Behavioral(e.g. classical/operant conditioning)
Cognitive(sensations affect our minds)
Socio-cultural
Biopsychosocial
Wave 1: Introspection(Establishes the science, little importance now)
Mary W. Calkins(1st woman APA president)
Margaret F. Washburn(1st woman Ph. D in psychology)
William James
Funtionalism(Real-life structuralism)
1st psychology textbook
G. Stanley Hall(1st APA president, student of William James)
Wilhelm Wundt
Structuralism(mind=sensations + emotions) Used Introspection as method
Founder of modern psychology
1st psychology lab (1879, Leipzig)
Dorothea Dix (American mental hospitals)
Domains of Psychology
These are more detailed branches of psychology. E.G. Clinical, Cognitive, Counselling, Experimental, Educational...
Research methods
Common points
Variables
confounding(result-messers)
Independent (manipulated)
dependent(results)
Theory
Hypothesis (statement, not question)
Reliability(replicability)
Validity(usefulness)
Sample
Stratified(ensures result's representation)
Random(can generalized results)
Participants/Subjects
Operational definition (measure of variables)
Experiment
Field (more realistic)
Lab (more controlled)
Correlation study
Positive ( more of A = more of B)
Negative ( More of A = Less of B)
Not = cause and effect, only connection
Survey study (easy to do but untrustworthy)
Case studies (Detailed but too focused)
Naturalistic Observation (realistic but no control)
Longitudinal study (long time, same group)
Cross-sectional study(different groups)
Statistics (descriptive)
Measures of central tendency
Median(50th percentile number)
Mode(most repeated number)
Mean(total's average)
Outliers (Q1-IQR
1.5/Q3+IQR
1.5)
Variability
Z score(specific sample's SD, (sample-mean):SD=Z score)
percentile(distance from 0 in percents)
standard deviation(average distance from mean)
correlation coefficient(strength of correlation)
line of best fit/regression line
P value(chance of different result)
Statistical significance(P value =<0.05 or 5%）
Frequency distribution
positive(right) skewed
negative(left) skewed
Bimodal
range
Normal Curve(symmetric)
Graphs
Scatter Plot
Bar graph
histogram
Ethics
American Psychology Association (APA)
No coercion(not forced), informed consent, anonymity, risk(-less),
debriefing(after experiment)
Procedures, Effects and Biases
Effects
Placebo(psychological bias)
Hawthorne (act different when being observed)
Order effect(order influences thought)
Procedures
Single-blind(no placebo)
Double-blind(no experimenter bias nor placebo)
Biases
Experimenter bias(want to prove their hypothesis)
Hindsight bias(I knew it all along)
Assignment
Random assignment
Group matching
Experimental group( ind. variable modified)
Control group (ind. variable not modified)