water frame- 1769-richard Awkright- spun cotton faster than ever

Manchester grew from 10k to 300k,, from mid 1700s to mid 1800s

spinning jenny and power loom to mass-produce cloth, driving down costs and

control of production or the abolition of class distinctions, were a
reaction against industrial capitalism's perceived injustices.

equal treatment of individuals regardless of their religious beliefs.

championed reason over dogma and advocated for freedom of thought

and expression. His often-quoted line, "Ecrasez l'infâme"- resist churchs oppressive force

protection of individual rights and freedoms against societal norms influenced by religious beliefs.

True Purpose of the Church: "Man's True religion begins, then, with the heart, and
the heart is the ruling power of manhood." - Charles Spurgeon, 1873

Futility of Religion: "God is a circle whose centre is everywhere and circumference
nowhere." - Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet) (1694–1778)

Appeal by the Pope in Late 18th Century: "We urge you lovingly not to abandon it (Catholic faith). For it is the one true religion which both confers eternal life and makes safe and thriving civil societies. Carefully beware of lending your ears to the treacherous speech of the philosophy of this age, which leads to death. " - Pope Pius I, 1791

Call for Focus on Sociology: "In the midst of a culture that is rationally organized for a vocational workaday life, there is hardly any room for the cultivation of acosmic brotherliness, unless it is among strata who are economically carefree. Under the technical and social conditions of rational culture, an imitation of the life of Buddha, Jesus, or Francis seems condemned to failure for purely external reasons." - Max Weber (1864–1920)

Writings in favour of the Church in Europe in the 19th Century: “The Christian religion is the most poetic and human, the most favourable to liberty, arts, and letters. The modern world owes it everything.” François-René de Chateaubriand, 1768-1848

Premise of Secularism: “Had Deity desired that his personal existence should be daily recognised and eternally bruited abroad among men, he would have placarded the fact on the walls of nature in letters of light—so luminous, that time should never pale them; so indelibly, that the war of elements should never efface them; so plainly and conclusively, that no priest should ever be able to misconstrue them; and no wayfarer, in this hurrying world, ever be in doubt about them.” George Jacob Holyoake (1817 – 1906) in The Limits of Atheism

rulers of each country could decide the religion of their own land.

in 1815, the church stated that ppl fighting for workers rights were going against gods plans

1781,wrote a book abt how ppl shld listen to themselves not the church

wantedddd to remove remove churchs power completely during industrial revolution

popes letter signaled the church's attempt to strike a balance, navigating
between tradition and the demands of a new era.

1648: End of the Thirty Years' War and the signing of the Peace of Westphalia, establishing the principle that rulers can decide their country's religion.

1694–1778: Voltaire, a critic of religious dogma, says, "God is a circle whose centre is everywhere and circumference nowhere."

1768-1848: François-René de Chateaubriand states, “The Christian religion is the most poetic and human, the most favourable to liberty, arts, and letters. The modern world owes it everything.”

1781: Immanuel Kant publishes "Critique of Pure Reason", encouraging individual thought over religious determinism.

1791: Pope Pius VI appeals to the faithful, saying, "We urge you lovingly not to abandon it (Catholic faith)...Carefully beware of lending your ears to the treacherous speech of the philosophy of this age, which leads to death."

1793-94: The de-Christianization movement occurs during the French Revolution, questioning the church's role in society.

1815: The church condemns early labour movements as being against God's will.

1817 – 1906: George Jacob Holyoake, a proponent of secularism, writes, “Had Deity desired that his personal existence should be daily recognised... no wayfarer, in this hurrying world, ever be in doubt about them.”

1832: The Reform Act is passed in Britain, reducing the Church of England's political influence.

1851: The Great Exhibition in London showcases global technologicalachievements, de-emphasizing religious matters.

1873: Charles Spurgeon emphasises the importance of personal faith,stating, "Man's True religion begins, then, with the heart, and the heart is the ruling power of manhood."

1889: Cardinal Manning intervenes in the London Dock Strike, exemplifying the church's care for workers.

1891: Pope Leo XIII releases the "Rerum Novarum" encyclical, addressing the conditions of the working classes and emphasising social justice.

1864–1920: Max Weber speaks on the challenges of devout religious life in a rationally organised society, referencing the lives of Buddha, Jesus, and Francis.

1878: In the United States, the Treaty of Berlin is signed, which included a clause ensuring religious freedom in the territories concerned, marking another step towards secularism in policy-making.

Late 19th Century: The spread of public education and the influence of scientific thinking further reduce the influence of religious teachings in day-to-day life.

autobiography titled "Amar Jiban" first autobiography by Indian woman

Shivaji Maharaj and subsequently consolidated by the Peshwas.

trading missions under the Portuguese, Dutch, and English slowly transformed into
colonial ambitions.

Mughal patronage led to the evolution of Urdu and the splendour
of Mughal miniatures,

Deeply distressed by the plight of widows who were often children,

used ancient
scriptures to support his arguments, which SHOWS THAT REFORMS were a part of Indian tradition

encouraging a return to the purest forms of Vedic teachings,
denouncing caste-based discrimination, and emphasizing gender equality.

● Promotion of rationalism and critical analysis of religious texts.

● Promotion of female education and opposition to practices like Sati and

Denouncement of idol worship, superstitions, and ritualistic ceremonies.

● Advocacy for social equality, rejecting caste-based discrimination.

● Implementation of 'Shuddhi' (purification) ceremonies for converts to return

Advocacy for the study of comparative religions, philosophy, and science.

● Emphasis on the spiritual unity of all religions, emphasizing the shared truths

● Promotion of ancient Indian thought, validating its relevance and depth.

universality of
religions. Focused on spiritual teachings, service, and education,

the peaceful
propagation of Islam and believed in the continuity of prophetic revelations.

Many Believed that Technology & Industry would lead to continual Improvement in Society

Harsh Conditions of Industrial Life led to Socialism & Communism