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Biomolecules, Sugar/Carbs is the only macromolecule that can provide…

- - - - Enzymatic (amylase, protease, lipase)
        
        Hormonal (insulin, human growth hormone --> signaling molecule)
        
        Defensive (antibodies, peptides)
        
        Storage (ovalbumin, casein, ferritin)
        
        Contractile and Motor (cilia, flagella, actin/myosin)
        
        Transport (hemoglobin, protein channels with cell membranes)
        
        Receptor (receptor molecules in cell membrane of nervous system)
        
        Structural (silk fibers, collagen, elastic)
    - - Primary
        
        Sequence of amino acids (determined by DNA)
      - Secondary
        
        Formed by hydrogen bonds between the amino and carboxyl groups of amino acids
        
        a (alpha): Helix structure-Caused by hydrogen bonds that form between -C=O of carboxyl groups and hydrogen in -NH2 groups of the same peptide
        
        b (beta): Pleated Sheet-Repeated folds from when a peptide folds on itself and hydrogen bonds form when the folds sit parallel to one another: hydrogen bonds hold adjacent parts of the peptide together
      - Teriary
        
        Complex 3-dimensional structure. Can be determined by the cellular environment (Ex. Disulfide bridges)
      - Quaternary
        
        In some proteins; individual polypeptide chains are linked together
    - - Different R groups give proteins different sizes; water solubility and electrical charges
        
        One wrong Amino Acid can cause a protein to work improperly
        
        Dehydration Synthesis
        The nitrogen in the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid is joined to the carbon in the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another, forming a peptide bond
        
        2-50 amino acids joined together = a peptide
        
        50 of more amino acids = a polypeptide or protein
        
        8 essential Amino Acids; can get them from anything an animal produces
    - - Disulfide bridges can link different polypeptides to one another or can connect different parts of the same polypeptide. These connections can cause the protein to bend or fold. Formed between Cysteine-They contain sulfur that forms these bonds with other sulfur molecules
- - - - More than 2 rings Cellulose (plants); Function: Cellulose strengthens plant cell walls, Starch (plants); Function: Starch stores glucose for energy for plants which is long term, Glycogen (Animals); Function: stores glucose for energy in animals, Chitin (Insects); Function: Strengthens the insect's exoskeletons and cell walls for support
    - - 1 ring
        
        Functions as fuel - Carbon sources that can be converted to other molecules or combined into polymers (polymers bond with one another to form fibers 1-4 linkage)
        
        Ex. Glucose, Fructose
    - - 2 rings
        
        Function: Carbon sources that can be converted to other molecules or combined into polymers (polymers bond with one another to form fibers 1-4 linkage)
        
        Ex. lactose, sucrose