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LITERACY, image, image, image, Reference Hall, C. J., Smith, P. H. &…
LITERACY
Literacy contexts:
Email Text messages, Shopping lists, Cookbooks, Novels, Horoscopes, Newspapers, Magazines, Dictionaries, Job notices, Lottery tickets, Course schedules,Train timetables
Literacy technologies:
Pencils, Books, Personal computers, Smartphones, iPads, E-books
THE EXPANDING SCOPE OF LITERACY
Literacy as cognitive process and social practice
autonomus model
According to Brian Street' autonomous model, literacy is a set of skils for encoding and decoding language in the written modality.
alphabetic writing systems
uses (ideally) single symbols for each phoneme (speech
sound) in the language.
ideological model
model, which, Street proposed, leads to a view of reading and writing as communicative practices that are developed in particular social contexts, but that cannot be assumed to hold in others. The latter view has become increasingly influential,
WRITING SYSTEMS AND CULTURE
Epigraphers
study and interpret written inscriptions on hard
surfaces, such as stone and metal.
QWERTY
is the name of the standard English keyboard layout devised by Christopher Sholes
An
emoticon
is a representation of a facial expression using the punctuation marks and letters available on a keyboard. They range in complexity from the simple :) to the rather more elaborate Japanese d(•-•)b, both of which mean 'happy'.
Consonantal
writing systems have symbols for the consonants but not for the vowels. Context supplies the words' identities. (For example, Cn y rd Ihs?)
A
syllabary
is a writing system in which each symbol represents a syllable (in English we can simulate this by using O for monosyllabic cue, I-V for bisyllabic i.vy, F-E-G for trisyllabic e.ffi.gy, etc.).
Chinese, readers are accessing and constructing meaning primarily through
logographs
(like emojis) which represent specific words or ideas rather sounds or groups of sounds.
A
glyph
is a symbol or character used in a writing system, especially that of the ancient Mayan civilization in what is now Mexico, Guatemala and Belize.
A
codex
is an ancient manuscript in book form. The Mexican codices were painted on deerskin or bark paper.
LITERACY AND INDIVIDUALS
Emergent literacies
Oracy
is communicative competence in spoken interaction. The word was coined by analogy with literacy in the 1960s. The ORACY Australia Association has rich online resources for teaching and assessing oracy skills.
emergent literacy
refers to knowledge and behaviours involving reading and writing that children develop before, and in the early years oft formal schooling.
Adult literacies
Graphophonic
relations hold between the symbols of
glottographic
writing systems (the grapho- bit) and the sounds they represent (the -phonic bit).
In
transactional
views of reading, the process involves not simply the passive extraction of meaning encoded in the text, but also the active contribution of the reader's own knowledge and beliefs in constructing meaning.
Braille literacy
is the ability to read and write using the tactile system of raised dots that represent the Roman alphabet, as well as other alphabetic writing systems such as Korean. The Braille Institute in California has resources for English-speaking teachers.
ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND THE MEASUREMENT OF LITERACY
Phonics
: Links phonemes (sounds) and graphemes (letters) in alphabetic languages. Used to teach reading, especially to young children. Involves mapping letters to sounds and manipulating phonemes in words.
ROLES FOR APPLIED LINGUISTS
1.Assist teachers in identifying literacy
Collaborate with subject tutors
3.Develop culturally and linguistically appropriate literacy materials
Train youth in digitally mediated literacy technologies for various settings.
Conduct research on emergent literacies and biliteracy development in non-European language contexts
Investigate family and community literacy practices, reflecting on their evolution for specific purposes and situations.
Reference
Hall, C. J., Smith, P. H. & Wicasono, R. (2017).
Mapping applied linguistics
. Routledge.
