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Biomolecules - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Disaccharides
        
        Double sugar, two monosaccharides linked together from covalent bond (glycosidic linkage) by dehydration synthesis. Examples of disaccharides is sucrose, lactose, and maltose
      - Polysaccharides
        
        More than two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis. With a difference in glucose ring form, can be starch or cellulose.
        
        Cellulose
        
        (1-4 linkage of beta-glucose). Structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls or roots. This polysaccharide is indigestible to organisms that don't possess the cellulase enzyme.
        
        Starch
        
        Glycogen
        
        Found in animals and stored in the liver and muscles. When released from these organs it is released as glucose.
        
        (1-4 linkage of alpha-glucose). Storage polysaccharide that stores glucose monomers. Found in the roots and seeds of plants.
      - Mono/disaccharides
        
        Monosaccharides
        
        Simple sugar that can be alone or is the monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Examples of monosaccharides is glucose, fructose, and galactose.
- - - - A fat is 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule (triglyceride). Fatty acids is a carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. This carbon structure makes fats hydrophobic.
    - - Made up of two fatty acids linked to a glycerol and phosphate group. Phospholipids have hydrocarbon tails (non-polar) and hydrocarbon heads (polar). To protect the cell, bilayers that act as membranes are formed.
    - - Characterized by a carbon skeleton. It consists of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached (ex: cholesterol- forms essential component of animal cell membranes, precursor molecule for the synthesis of other steroids)
- - - - Central carbon atom attached to hydrogen, carboxyl group, r-group and amino group. They can be soluble if the r-group is polar and hydrophobic if r-group is non polar. Amino acids are linked by dehydration synthesis.
    - - Primary
        
        Sequence of amino acids
      - Secondary
        
        Caused by hydrogen bonding between carboxyl and amino groups. Or repeated folds when a peptide folds in on itself
      - Tertiary
        
        Irregular loops and folds that give the protein a 3-D shape
      - Quaternary
        
        Combination of two or more polypeptide subunits
    - - Enzymatic, defensive, storage, transport, hormonal, receptor, contractile, and structural proteins
- - - - Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids. Consists of 5-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and 1 to 3 phosphate groups. The nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines and purines
        
        Pyrmidines
        
        Nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil
        
        Purines
        
        Nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. Adenine and guanine
    - - Deoxyribose nucleic acid. Molecule that encodes biological information. Adenine binds with thymine. Guanine binds with cytosine.
    - - Ribose nucleic acid. Single stranded polymer of nucleotides that contains the sugar ribose.