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P&G - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Greater incentive for people to improve themselves, allowing society to progress as highly-qualified people enter the workforce.
      - Eliminates favouritism and other forms of bias within the system, such as cronyism & nepotism.
    - - Luck comes into play in meritocracies - some are born into better circumstances.
      - Hard to determine what constitutes "merit" since building a system on the wrong type of "merits" can be disastrous to society.
      - Inequality is exacerbated in meritocracies - the better educated get better opportunities and become richer, and vice versa.
      - Discriminatory against those who cannot afford education / qualifications to distinguish themselves, leading to discontentment.
      - Leads to elitism, since it breeds arrogance among the privileged as they feel they are entitled to more, while poor feel deserving of misfortune.
      - Some decisions, such as healthcare provision and other social benefits, should not be based on merit.
  - - - Serves as an elaborate social safety net in addition to public services such as free education and universal healthcare, significantly ameliorating poverty.
      - Most of the population will have their needs taken care of by the state - there is little resentment and high social stability.
    - - High tax rates eventually lead to resentment against government and economically inactive people who pay no taxes but receive generous government handouts.
      - A large amount of public spending leads to high tax rates, and the government has to borrow large sums of money to continue financing its policies, should the economy underperform.
    - - Examples: Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark & Finland (all Scandinavian countries)
      - Follows Nordic model, which emphasises maximising labour force participation, promising gender equality, egalitarian and extensive benefit levels, the large magnitude of income redistribution, and liberal use of expansionary fiscal policy.
      - Political systems based on equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of minimal provisions for a good life.
  - - - Political stability since such governments will stay in power much longer than some democratic governments.
      - Quick and efficient decision-making, without the concern of the population and filibusters that hamper implementation of long-term policies.
    - - Government becomes complacent and stagnant since there is often little to no political opposition within the country.
      - Incompetent governments resort to suppression of human rights to retain their hold on power.
      - Governments have total power over citizens, dangerous since "power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely". (Lord Acton)
  - - - There is no one individual holding onto much power, decreasing irrational decisions being made during policymaking.
      - People gain a sense of participation, breeding a sense of belonging to the community and minimising resentment.
      - Provide a safety valve for discontented people to change their government without resorting to violent revolution and uprising.
      - Alleviates discrimination and exploitation of minority groups due to racial and ethnic mixtures in parliament.
      - No total control of information, allowing people to keep governments in check with greater awareness and knowledge.
    - - Majority will vote for policies that discriminate against minority to gain a sense of security for themselves.
      - Huge amount of time and financial resources wasted during elections to raise awareness and gain appeal.
      - Policies are made to appeal to voters, so a populist government may not make decisions optimal for the country's growth.
      - Most of the population may not be sufficiently educated, knowledgeable & mature enough to make decisions that benefit the country the most.
      - Policies are short-term due to limited time, and political instability due to government change and short-term thinking of voters.
      - Inefficient & Impractical, due to the wide dispersion of power within a democracy, so longer time is taken for a decision to be made and for policies to put it in action.
    - - A government structured with a separation of powers, that provides basic civil rights, protects religious freedom, and the separation of church and state.
      - "Rule by the people"
      - Three types of democracy: Direct (Switzerland), Presidential (USA) and Parliamentary (Singapore)
      - People have the power to participate in decision-making.
- - - - Financial Assistance Scheme (FAS)
      - Edusave Scheme
      - Integrated Programme (IP)
      - "Teach Less, Learn More" (TLLM) Movement
      - Leave of Absence (LOA) Scheme
      - "Every School A Good School" Initiative
      - Boarding Awards Scheme (BAS)
      - 21st Century Competencies (21CC)
      - Gifted Education Programme (GEP)
      - Life Beyond Grades
      - Bilingual Policy
      - Achievement Levels (AL) PSLE Scoring System
    - - Medisave
    - - Certificate of Entitlement (COE)
      - Walk Cycle Ride SG
      - Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)
      - Car-lite Urban Mobility
    - - Retirement and Re-employment Act (RRA)
      - Pioneer Generation Package (PGP)
      - Central Provident Fund (CPF)
      - Merdeka Generation Package (MGP)
    - - Neighbourhood Renewal Programme (NRP)
      - Enhancement for Active Seniors (EASE) Programme
      - Lift Upgrading Programme (LUP)
      - Home Office (HO) Scheme
      - Voluntary Early Redevelopment Scheme (VERS)
      - Parenthood Priority Scheme (PPS)
      - Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme (SERS)
      - Multi-generation Priority Scheme (MGPS)
      - Build To Order (BTO) HDB Flats
      - Married Child Priority Scheme (MCPS)
      - Design, Build & Sell Scheme (DBSS)
      - Third-child Priority (TCP) Scheme
      - Public Housing Scheme
      - Assistance Scheme for Second-timers (ASSIST)
      - Parenthood Provisional Housing Scheme (PPHS)
    - - Child Development Co-savings / Baby Bonus Scheme
      - Population White Paper
  - - - Administers the laws
    - - Interprets the laws through the Courts
    - - Makes laws
      - Structure of Parliament
        
        Leader of the House
        
        Responsible for the arrangement of Government business and the legislative programme of Parliament
        
        Proposes appropriate actions to be taken on any procedural matters arising in Parliament.
        
        Appointed by PM
        
        Leader of the Opposition
        
        Leads & organises scrutiny of the Government's positions and actions in Parliament
        
        Is consulted on the appointment of opposition Members to select Committees, including Standing Select Committees (e.g. Public Accounts Committee)
        
        Leads opposition in presenting alternative views in parliamentary debates on policies, Bills and motions
        
        The Cabinet
        
        PM leads Cabinet in Government administration
        
        Responsible for all Government policies and the day-to-day administration of the affairs of the State
        
        President appoints PM, and Cabinet Members are appointed from among the MPs by the President on the advice of the PM.
        
        Party Whip
        
        Contributes to the smooth running of the party's parliamentary machinery
        
        Lists the speaking MPs for each item of business & estimates the time required so a sitting is completed within schedule
        
        Ensures good communication within the party
        
        Ensures sufficient party members in the Chamber to support the party's position and that MPs vote according to the party's line
        
        Occasionally allows MPs to vote according to their conscience (a.k.a. "lifting the whip")
        
        Speaker of Parliament
        
        Presides over sittings of the House
        
        Enforces the rules prescribed in the Standing Orders of Parliament for the orderly conduct of parliamentary business
        
        Elected by MPs when new Parliament commences
        
        Members of Parliament (MPs)
        
        Majority are elected into Parliament at a GE on a 1st-past-the-post basis, & represent either SMCs or GRCs
        
        Act as a bridge between the community and the Government by ensuring that the concerns of their constituents are heard in Parliament
        
        Types
        
        Non-constituency (NCMPs)
        
        ≤9 NCMPs from opposition parties appointed
        
        Ensures minimum opposition representatives in Parliament and views other than the govt's are expressed in Parliament
        
        Constitution provides for appointment of other MPs not voted in at GE
        
        Nominated (NMP)
        
        Term of 2.5 years, recommended by Special Select Committee of Parliament, chaired by the Speaker
        
        Contribute independent and non-partisan views in Parliament
        
        An MP, not affiliated to any party, appointed by the President
        
        Share the same rights, in Parliament, as elected MPs, and can raise questions and suggest legislation, and vote on most matters
        
        Elected
        
        ≥1 member belonging to a minority race
        
        This is so that minority races are represented in parliament
        
        In GRCs, political parties field a team of 3-6 candidates
      - Function of Parliament
        
        Critical/Inquisitorial
        
        Gives MPs a chance to raise questions with Ministers on their respective Ministries' responsibilities
        
        Makes Government accountable for its actions
        
        1.5h Question Time at start of each Parliament sitting
        
        Allows public to listen to a spectrum of views & opinions to find out how decisions affecting them are made
        
        Financial Scrutiny
        
        Requires Government to seek approval of House for its annual Budget
        
        Budget Statement & individuals Budgets for each Ministry are debated rigorously in the Chamber before MPs give their approval
        
        Make Laws
        
        "Bill" must go through 3 readings in Parliament
        
        "Bill" must also receive President's assent to become a law.
        
        Law first introduced in Parliament as a draft, called a "Bill"