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Grammatical categories, their types and means of realization in Modern…
- Grammatical categories, their types and means of realization in Modern English.
Number:
Types:
Modern English primarily has two number categories: singular and plural. Singular refers to one item, while plural refers to more than one. For example, "cat" is singular, and "cats" is plural.
Means of Realization:
Plurality is typically marked by adding the suffix "-s" to nouns, such as "cat" to "cats."
Gender:
Types:
Unlike some other languages, Modern English has mostly lost grammatical gender. However, there are still vestiges of gender distinctions in pronouns (he, she, it) and some nouns (e.g., actor/actress).
Means of Realization:
Gender distinctions are realized through specific words or pronouns, rather than grammatical changes within words.
Case:
Types:
English has largely lost a complex case system, but it still has remnants of nominative (subject), accusative (object), and genitive (possessive) cases.
Means of Realization:
Case distinctions are realized through word order and the use of prepositions. For example, "John saw Mary" (nominative), "John greeted Mary" (accusative), and "John's book" (genitive).
Tense:
Types:
English verbs express tense distinctions primarily in the past, present, and future tenses.
Means of Realization:
Tense is realized through verb inflections or auxiliary verbs. For example, "I sing" (present), "I sang" (past), "I will sing" (future).
Aspect:
Types:
Aspectual distinctions indicate how an action or event is viewed in terms of its completion or continuity. Common aspects include simple, progressive, and perfect.
Means of Realization:
Aspect is realized through verb inflections and auxiliary verbs. For example, "I am singing" (progressive aspect) or "I have sung" (perfect aspect).
Mood:
Types:
English has mood categories like indicative, imperative, and subjunctive.
Means of Realization:
Mood is realized through verb forms. For instance, "He is singing" (indicative) and "Sing!" (imperative).
Person:
Types:
English verbs indicate the person distinctions of the subject, such as first person (I/we), second person (you), and third person (he/she/it/they).
Means of Realization:
Person is realized through verb forms. For example, "I sing" (first person), "You sing" (second person), "She sings" (third person).
Voice:
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Means of Realization:
Voice is realized through verb forms and structures. For example, "The cat chased the mouse" (active) and "The mouse was chased by the cat" (passive).