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Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - the structural unit of compact bone
        
        consists of an elongated cylinder that runs parallel to long axis of bone
        
        llamellae: an osteon cylinder consists of served rings of bone matrix
        
        contains collagen fibers that run in different directions in adjacent rings
        
        withstands stress and resist twisting
        
        bone salts are found between collagen fibers
    - - central (Haversion) canal runs through core of the osteon
        
        contains blood vessels and nerve fibers
        
        Perforating Volkmann's canals: canals lined with endosteum that occur at right angles to the central canal
        
        connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal
        
        Lacunae: small cavities that contain osteocytes
        
        Canaliculi: hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and to central canal
        
        osteoblasts that secrete bone matrix maintain contact with each other and osteocytes via cell projections with gap junctions
        
        when the matrix hardens and cells are trapped the canaliculi form
        
        allow communication between all osteocytes of osteon and permit nutrients and wastes to be relayed from one cell to another
    - - organized along lines of stress to help bone resist any stress
        
        trabeculae contain irregularly arranged lameliae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi
        
        capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients
- - - - most often aged, postmenopausal women
        
        estrogen plays a role in bone density, so when levels drop at menopause, risk increases
        
        men are less prone due to protection by the effects of testosterone
        
        Additional Risks
        
        insufficient excercise to stress bones
        
        diet poor in calcium and protein
        
        smoing
        
        genetics / hormone-related conditions
    - - traditional treatments
        
        calcium
        
        vitamin D supplements
        
        weight-bearing exercise
        
        hormone replacement therapy
        
        slows bone loss but does not reverse it
        
        increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and breast cancer
        
        Bisphosphonates: decrease osteoclast activity and number
        
        Denosumab: monoclonal antibody shown to reduce dractures in men with prostate cancer
        
        improves bone density in elderly
    - - plenty of calcium in diet in early adulthood
        
        reduce consumption of carbonated beverages and alcohol
        
        leach minerals from bone, so decrease bone density
        
        plenty of weight-bearing exercise
        
        increases bone mass above normal for buffer against age-related bone loss
  - - - bones are poorly mineralized
        
        osteoid is produced, but calcium salts are not adequatel deposited
        
        results in soft, weak bones
        
        pain upon bearing weight
    - - osteomalacia of children
        
        results in bowed legs and other bone deformities
        
        bones ends are enlarged and abnormally long
        
        Cause: vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium
- - - - rigid, interlocking joints of the skull
        
        allow for growth during youth
        
        immovable joints join the skull into one unit that protects the brain
        
        closed, immovable sutures referred to as synostoses
    - - bones connected by ligaments
        
        short fibers offer little to no movement
        
        Example: inferior tibiofibular joint
        
        longer fibers offer a larger amount of movement
        
        Example: interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna
    - - peg-in-socket joints
        
        only example is the teeth in alveolar sockets
        
        fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
  - - - bar or plate of hyaline cartilage united bones
        
        almost all are synarthrotic (immovable)
        Examples:
        
        temporary epiphyseal plate joints
        
        cartilage of the first rib with manubrium of sternum
    - - fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint
        
        hyaline cartilage also present
        
        symphyses are strong amphiarthroses joints
        Examples:
        
        interertebral joints
        
        pubic symphysis
  - - - 1) Plane Joint: gliding; nonaxial movement; hand
        
        intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, and joints between vertebral articular surfaces
        
        2) Hinge Joint: medial/lateral axis; uniaxial movement
        
        elbow joints and interphalangeal joints
        
        3) Pivot joint: vertical axis; uniaxial movement; neck/wrist/elbow
        
        proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joints
        
        4) Condylar joint: medial/lateral axis and anterior/posterior axis; biaxial movement
        
        metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints
        
        5) Saddle joint: medial/lateral axis and anterior/posterior axis; biaxial movement
        
        carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
        
        6) Ball-and-socket joint: medial/lateral axis, anterior/posterior axis, and vertical axis; multiaxial movement
        
        shoulder and wrist joints
- - - - Abduction: movement along frontal plane, away from midline
        Adduction: movement along frontal plane, toward the midline
        Circumduction: involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb
        limb describes cone in shape
        
        Rotation: turning of bone around its own long axis, toward and away from midline
        Medial: rotation toward the midline
        Lateral: rotation away from midline
  - - - Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion of foot
        
        Dorsiflexion: bending foot toward shin
        
        Plantar flexion: pointing toes
        
        Inversion and Eversion of foot
        
        Inversion: sole of foot faces medially
        
        Eversion: sole of foot laterally
        
        Protraction and Retraction
        
        movement in lateral plane
        Protraction: mandible juts out
        Retraction: mandible is pulled toward neck
        
        Elevation and depression of mandible
        
        Elevation: lifting body part superiorly
        
        shrugging shoulders
        
        Depression: lowering body part
        
        opening jaw
        
        Opposition: movement of the thumb
        Example: touching thumb to tips of other fingers on same hand or any grasping movement
- - - - Common Fractures
        
        Comminuted
        
        Compression
        
        Depressed
        
        Spiral
        
        Epiphyseal
        
        Greenstick
  - - - 1) Hematoma formation
        torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming a mass of clotted blood called a hematoma
        
        site is swollen, painful, and inflammed
        
        2) Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
        
        capillaries grow into hematoma
        
        fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span back and connect broken ends
        Reconstruction of the Bone
        
        create cartilage matrix of repair tissue
        
        osteoblasts form spongy bone within matrix
        
        3) Bony callus formation
        
        within one week, new trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus
        
        callus is converted to bony callus of spongy bone
        
        bony callus formation continues until firm union forms
        
        4) Bone Remodeling
        
        begins during bony callus formation and continues for several months
        
        excess material on diaphysis exterior and within medullary cavity is removed
        
        compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
        
        final structure resembles original structure
- - - - ribs
        
        true ribs (1-7), false ribs (8-10), floating ribs (11-12), and costal cartilage
        
        sternum (middle of chest)
        
        manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
        
        cervical vertebrae (atlas - 1) (back of neck/spine)
        
        (axis) C2-C7
        
        hyoid
        
        thoracic vertebrae (spine)
        
        T2-T12
        
        Lumbar Vertebrae (lower back)
        
        L2-L5
        
        Sacral curvature
        
        Sacrum
        
        Coccyx
    - - Bones
        
        nasal (nose)
        
        lacrimal (tear gland)
        
        inferior nasal concha (turbinates)
        
        maxilla (upper jaw)
        
        zygomatic (cheekbone)
        
        temporal (temple area)
        
        palatine
        
        parietal (skull cap)
        
        malleus (hammer)
        
        incus (anvil)
        
        stapes (stirrup)
        
        frontal (forehead)
        
        ethomoid (inner corner)
        
        vomer (nostrils)
        
        sphenoid (temple)
        
        mandible (lower jaw)
        
        occipital (back of head)
      - squamous suture
        
        external acoustic meatus
        
        mastoid process
        
        styloid process
        
        lambdoid suture
        
        coronal suture
        
        coronoid process
  - - - clavicle (collar bone)
        
        scapula (shoulder blade)
        
        humerus (funny bone)
        
        radius (lower arm bone)
        
        ulna (forear
        
        Carpals (wrist)
        
        scaphoid
        
        lunate
        
        triquetrum
        
        pisiform
        
        hamate
        
        capitate
        
        trapezoid
        
        trapezium
        
        Metacarpals (kunckle)
        
        Phalanges (fingers)
        
        proxiaml phalanx
        
        middle phalanx
        
        distal phalanx
    - - Coxal bone (hip bone)
        
        ilium
        
        pubius
        
        ischium
        
        femur (thigh bone)
        
        patella (kneecap)
        
        tibia (lower leg)
        
        fibula (lower leg)
        
        Tarsal bones
        
        calcaneus (heal bone)
        
        talus (ankle)
        
        navicular
        
        cuboid
        
        lateral cuneiform
        
        intermediate cuneiform
        
        medial cuneiform
        
        Metatarsals (midfoot)
        
        Phalanges (toes)
        
        proximal phalanx
        
        middle phalanx
        
        distal phalanx
- - - - The female’s pubic angle is deeper than the male’s because women have wider hips than men.
    - - The distance between the ischia bones are smaller in males and it makes a narrow outler while females have a larger outlet. The ischial spine is heaveirs and father into the pelvic cavity in male than females.
    - - Inlet
        
        The width in between the pelvic inlet is wider in the female’s while the male’s smaller because of the distance between the ischium bones are small.
      - Outlet
        
        A female’s pubic outlet is usually wider because it’s important for childbirth; it allows the baby to pass through.
    - - The male’s is more inward and immovable while the female’s is more flexible and straighter.