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TOPIC 4. COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE. AN ANALYSIS OF ITS COMPONENTS, CONCEPT…
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CONCEPT of Communicative Competence referring to communication appeared in the 60s, when the study of Language Acquisition was strongly influenced by the theory of Generative Grammar. Nativists, such as 
Chomsky, considered competence as the native speaker's idealised knowledge of the abstract system of rules of the language, thanks to which an ∞ nº of sentences can be produced and understood
- Campbell and Wales advocated the necessity of widening the notion of competence beyond purely grammatical competence to include the social context of speech and the speaker's communicative ability.
Michael Halliday stated that language is a social systemic system for making meaning, and communicative competence involves the ability to use this resource in contextually appropriate ways.
Dell Hymes formally introduced the term communicative competence as a set of values and motivations connecting language with attitudes towards a communicative conduct code. He contributed the notion of sociolinguistic appropriateness, distinguishing between what's possible/feasible/appropriate and done in the use of communicative language
- He claimed that speakers must have knowledge of the speech community to accomplish their purposes.
He remarked that, in the speaking competence, it is crucial not to separate cognitive from affective and volitive factors in order to create an impact in the educational practice.
Hymes, D. (1972). "On communicative competence".
Canale and Swain understood communicative competence as the underlying systems of knowledge and skill required for communication, (block 'A' of basic knowledge contents) which they saw as the exchange and negotiation of meaning between 2 individuals using (non)verbal symbols, oral/written/visual modes, and comprehension/production processes.
- They described 4 components involved in Communicative Competence: grammatical, discourse, sociolinguistic and strategic competences.
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Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). "Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing.
Van Ek (1986) added a 5th component: sociocultural competence, which refers to knowing how society works.
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Bachman (1990) introduced the concept of communicative language ability:
- language competence: knowledge of language which includes 2 major abilities, organisational and pragmatic competences.
- psycho-physiological mechanisms: or means of understanding and producing language.
Bachman, L. F., & Van Ek, J. A. (1990). Language testing in practice: Designing and developing useful language tests.
Bachman, L. F. (1990). Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford University Press.
Richards saw the communicative competence as the capacity to use language as a guide to utter accurate and appropriate sentences.
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Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2014). Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching.
- The term was expanded by Savignon (1983), who defined communicative competence as the ability to function and interact effectively in a truly communicative setting. She suggested its implementation in the classroom via role-playing and discussions which reinforce learners' productive and interaction competences.
Savignon, S. J. (1983). Communicative competence: Theory and classroom practice.
Chomsky, N. (1986). "Knowledge of Language: Its Origin, Nature, Use"
Campbell, D. T., & Wales, R. J. (1970). Scales for the measurement of some work values.