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skeletal system elizabeth gomez-barajas p2 - Coggle Diagram
skeletal system elizabeth gomez-barajas p2
all bones (206 bones)
axial skeleton
skull
cranial bones -1
frontal - 1
temporal - 2
parietal - 2
sphenoid - 1
occipital - 1
ethmoid - 1
facial bones - 14
maxilla - 2
lacrimal - 2
zygomatic - 2
nasal - 2
palatine - 2
vomer - 1
inferior nasal concha -2
mandible - 1
22 bones
middle ears
malleus - 2
incus - 2
stapes - 2
6 bones
vertebral column
cervical vertebrae - 7
thoracic vertebrae- 12
lumbar vertebrae - 5
sacrum - 1
coccyx - 1
26 bones
hyoid
hyoid bone - 1
1 bone
thoracic cage
rib - 24
sternum - 1
24 bones
appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle
scapula - 2
clavicle - 2
4 bones
upper limbs
humerus - 2
ulna - 2
radius - 2
metacarpal - 10
carpals - 16
phalanx - 28
60 bones
pelvic girdle
coxal - 2
2 bones
lower limbs
femur - 2
fibula -2
tarsal - 14
phalanx - 28
tibia - 2
patella - 2
metatarsals - 10
60 bones
types of bones
short bones
almost equal in length
examples; bones of the wrist and ankles
long bones
long with expanded ends
examples; arm and leg bones
flat bones
plate - like shape with broad surface
examples; ribs,scapula, flattened skull bones
irregular bones
varied shape
examples; vertebrae,some facial bones
sesamoid (round) bones
small nodular bones that develop within the tendon; special type of short bone
example - patella
anatomy of long bone
epiphyses
expanded ends of bones that form joints with adjacent bones
articular cartilage
(hyaline cartilage) covers the epiphyses
diaphysis
the shaft of the bone
periosteum
tough layer of dense tissue that covers the bone and is continuous with ligaments and tendons
medullary cavity
hollow chamber on the diaphysis
endosteum
thin layer of cells that line the medullary cavity
bone marrow
special type of connective tissue that fills the medullary cavity
compact bone
very tightly packed tissue, makes up the wall of the diaphysis
microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
osteocyte
bone cells that are located within the chambers known as lacunae
lamellae
concentric circles of matrix
central (haversian) canal
a cylindrical tube
canaliculi
tiny canals that passes nutrients and gases
extracellular matrix
consist mainly of collagen and inorganic salts
osteons (haversian system)
organized the osteocytes and extracellular matrix layers
perforating (volkmann's) canals
help osteons share blood supply
spongy bone
made of osteocytes and extracellular matrix
bone remodeling
osteoblasts
deposit bone throughout life
osteoclasts
resorb bone throughout life
bone fracture repair
hematoma
blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels
fibrocartilage formation
spongy bone forms in regions close to developing blood cells
bony callus formation
a hard (bony) callus replaces fibrocartilage
bone remodeling
osteoclasts remove excess bone tissue, restoring new bone structure much like the original
joints
fibrous joints
most immovable such as the sutures
cartilaginous joints
connected by either hyaline or fibrocartilage
synovial joint
articular ends of the bones in a synovial
movements allowed by synovial joints
flexion
bending p[arts at a a joint, so that angle between them decreases
extension
straightening parts at a joint, so that the angle between them increases
lateral flexion
bending the head, neck, or trunk to the side
hyperextension
straightening beyond normal anatomical position
abduction
moving a body part away from the midline
adduction
moving a body part away from the midline
dorisflexion
ankle movement that brings the foot closer to the shin
planter flexion
ankle movement that moves the foot farther from the shin; points the toes
rotation
movement of a part around an axis
circumduction
movement of a part so its end follows a circular path
pronation
rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing downward or posteriorly
supination
rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing upward or anteriorly
inversion
turning the sole (planter surface) of the foot medially
eversion
turning the sole (planter surface) of the foot laterally
protraction
moving a part of the body forward
retraction
moving a part of the body backward
elevation
raising a part of the body
depression
lowering a part of the body
differences between male and female skeleton
female
pelvic girdle
female hip bones are lighter, thinner, and have less evidence of muscular attachments
pelvic cavity
wider in all diameters, is shorter, roomier, and less funnel-shaped
sacrum
wider
coccyx
more moveable
male
pelvic girdle
oburator is more of an oval shape
disorders/diseases
osteoarthritis
protective cartilage at ends of bones wears down
older age, more common in female, joint injuries
osteogenesis imperfecta
a genetic disorder that causes brittle bones
frequent fractures, deafness, congenital mutation
osteosarcoma
malignant bone tumor
possible linkage to fluoridate water, radiotherapy for unrelated conditions, hereditary
osteomyelitis
an infection in the bone
from puncture infection, circulatory disorders, iv catheterization
paget's disease
metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of bone
exact cause unknown, possible viral infection, hereditary