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Cells - Coggle Diagram
Cells
Mutations - A mutation is a mistake that happens when the process of translation is happening, these affect and change the genetic code from your DNA. There are many types of mutations, that are Deletion, Substitution, and Insertion. Some mutations affect the outcome, and mutations that don't.
Silent-Mutation - A silent mutation is a mutation that does not affect the final outcome in any single way. The silent mutations work by changing into a combination that lead to the amino-acids as the original combination.
Deletion - Deletion is a mutation that happens when the MRNA does not combine one part of the DNA, meaning it is missing and the information is not brought to the amino-acid.
Substitution - Substitution is a mutation that happens when the MRNA makes a mistake in the translation, and accidentally use a different molecule, that is not compatible with the original molecule in the DNA.
Insertion - Insertion is a mutation that adds a molecule to the code in the translation, meaning that new information that was not originally in the DNA is brought to the RNAT
DNA
DNA is the Genetic material that chromosomes are made of. The DNA consists of different molecules, that connect to each other and write a code. Each cell only gets a part of the DNA, and it uses what is written in the DNA to serve its function in the body.
Transcription - The DNA are stored in the proteins. There is a structure called the RNA polymerase, that unzips the DNA. There are free bases in the Nucleus, that connects to the DNA depending on what the DNA is, and its order, creating the mRNA. In the MRNA the T is replaced by U, but it serves the same function. This process is called transcription,
MRNA
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The MRNA can be used to create protein. The MRNA goes to the Cytoplasm to carry the information. The MRNA carries the information from the DNA to the Ribosomes.
RNAT - In one end of the RNAT it reads the MRNA, and on the other end there is an amino acid, with the different amino acids, an amino acid chain is created, and the different chains create different types of proteins. The RNAT are shaped like forks, that links up to the MRNA, each of the 3 prongs of the RNAT connect to the corresponding molecule in the MRNA.
Translation - Translation is the process that happens with the MRNA and the RNAT that uses the code that is in the DNA and it transforms it into amino-acids.
Bases - The bases are the chemicals in the DNA, they have combinations and can only join one another. The combinations are, A with T, C with G, and vice-versa. When the translation happens, the T cannot be produced outside of the DNA, so a combines with U.
Nucleus - Nucleus is the middle of a cell, that stores chromosomes, who store the DNA
Proteins - Proteins are formed by the amino-acids that are combined by the RNAT. The Proteins also connect to the DNA, and split them, making them part of the MRNA.
Genes - Genes are parts of our DNA that form how our body are composed, coming from both parents.
Alleles- Alleles are the specific set of features that come from your parents, there are different alleles, that decide which trait will come out in the offspring.The Alleles have two different variations in organization, the Dominant and the Recessive allele, that combined decide what features the offspring will have, and the chances of them having each trait. The offspring only gets one allele from each parent, for each trait.
Dominant Alleles - Dominant Alleles are the type of alleles that show up the most in offspring, as every time that the dominant allele is passed onto the offspring, they dictate the trait that will be obtained, with no exceptions.
Recessive Alleles - Recessive Alleles are the type of alleles that are the least significant when generating offspring, and they get overruled by the Dominant Alleles. The only traits from recessive alleles that show up in the offspring are the cases in that only the Recessive Alleles are passed on, as if there is even one Dominant Allele, they get overruled, no matter the order that they come.
Genotypes - Genotypes are the final set of alleles that an offspring has, with two, either dominant, or recessive alleles. For example, if the alleles are: A and a, the genotype would be, Aa, AA, aA, or aa.
Phenotype - Your phenotype is the result that the combination of alleles have for the offspring, for example, if you have a recessive allele to have brown eyes, and a Dominant Allele to have blue eyes, your genotype would be aA. Your phenotype would be blue eyes.
Inheritance - Inheritance is the traits you get from your family, there are no really fixed portions of what you get from which, as there are recessive and dominant alleles, that dictate those traits.
Skin Color - Skin Color is defined by a lot of different Genes that are located in different places all over the body. Those places have 2 or more alleles.
Melanin - Melanin dictates the color of our hair, skin color and eyes. It does so by traveling in our genes.
UV Rays - UV Rays impact our body through our melanin, as it incentives the production of melanin, darkening the skin.
Diversity - Diversity means to have a wider knowledge from different perspectives. There are a lot of examples from real life, one could be to have a lot of people from different ethnicities and backgrounds on your company, to ensure that decisions will be fair.