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Skeletal System Elizabeth Martinez P:2 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System Elizabeth Martinez P:2
All the Bones:
Skull:
Cranium and facial Bones
Maxillae, Palatine Bone, Zygomatic, Lacrimal, Nasal, Vomer, Infereior Nasal, Mandible.
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid
Hyoid Bones
Upper Extremity: Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges.
Lower Extremity: Femur, Fibula, Tibia, Patella, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanx.
Vertebral Column
Thoracic Cage: Ribs (True 7 , False 3 , Floating 2.) and sternum.
Cervical Vertebrae, Thoracic Vertebrae, Lumbar Veterbrae, Sacrum, Coccyx.
Types of Bones:
Short: Almost equal in length & width. (Example: bones in wrist and ankles.")
Long: Long with expanded ends. (Example: Arm and leg bones Humerus and femur.)
Sesamoid: A small nodular bone. Develop within a tendon. (Example: Patella)
Flat: Plate-like shape w/broad surface. (Examples: ribs, scapula, flattened skull bones: coxal.)
Irregular: Varied shape. (Examples: Vertebrae, some facial bones.)
Anatomy of the Long Bone:
Periosteum- Tough layer of dense connective tissue
Function: Covers the bone, Is continuous w/ ligaments and tendons.
Diaphysis- The shaft of the bone
Medullary Cavity. A hollow chamber in the diaphysis
Articular Cartilage- Covers the epiphyes
Endosteum- A thin layer of cells lining the medullary cavity
Epiphyses-Extended ends of bones that form joints w/ adjacent bones
Bone Marrow: Special type of connective tissue filling the medullary cavity.
Bony Process- Provide attatchment csites for tendon and ligaments, openings, or grooves for blood vesels, nerves, and depressions for articulation. Visible bumps.
Spongy Bone: Many branching bony plates called Trabeculac looks like a sponge.
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Tissue:
Osteon or Haversian system
Bone Remodeling:
Process of removing dead bone.
Bone Fracture Repair:
D) Osteoclasts remove excess bony tissues, restoring new bone structure much like the original.
A) Blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels and forms hematoma.
C) A hard bony callus replaces the fibrocartilage
B) Spongy bone forms in regions close to developing blood vessels, and fibrocartilage forms in more distant regions.
Joints:
Cartilaginous: Articulating bones connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage.
Fibrous: Articular bones fastened together by thin layer of dense connective tissue.
Synovial Complex: Articulating ends of the bones are surrounded by a joint capsule of ligaments and synovial membrane.; ends of articulating bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and separated by synovial fluid .
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints:
Plane: Sliding or twisting
Povot: Rotation around a central axis. Variety of movements mainly in two planes.
Condylar: Variety of movements in two planes. No rotations
Hinge: Flexion and extension
Ball-and-Socket: Movement in all places include rotation.
Saddle: Variety of movements, mainly in two planes.
Differences between male and female skeleton:
Pelvic Girdle:
Female: Shorter and wider. The pubic arch is triangular and also wider than the males.
Male: Taller less wide. The pubic arch is more oval than triangular.
Disorders/diseases
Osteoarthritis: Protective cartilage at ends of bones brittle bones.
Causes or risks: Older age, Obesity, Joint injuries
Symptoms: Tenderness, Stiffness, Bone spurs
Treatment options: Over-the-counter medication, Physical therapy, Surgery.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A genetic disorder that causes brittle bones.
Causes or risks:Easily bruised, Frequent fractures, Deafness.
Symptoms: Blue sclera, Muscle weakness, Hearing loss
Treatment options: Uncurable, Bone Marrow transplant, Improve nutrition.
Paget's Disease: Metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of bone.
Causes or risks: Hereditary, Age-over 40, Sex-Men more common
Symptoms: Hip pain in pelvis, Tingling/numbness in spine, Bone pain depending in locations
Treatment options: Medications, Surgery, Joint replacement.
Osteomyelitis: An infection in the bone.
Causes or risks: Primarily staphylococcus, Direct contamination, IV catheterization
Symptoms: Tenderness, Stiffness, Bone spurts
Treatment options: Antibiotics, Amputation,Surgical drainage
Osteosarcoma: Malignant brain tumor
Causes or risks: Age, Heredity, Radiotherapy for unrelated conditions
Treatment options: Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation
Symptoms: Bone fracture, Bone pain, Swelling