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English Humanities Review, Mongol empire, Printing Press (Gutenburg),…

- - - - Consists of 4 levels: King Noble Knight Peasant
  - - - disruption of trade
        
        economics
      - Downfall of cities
        
        political
      - population shifts (went to rural areas
        
        social
      - invasions
        
        military
    - - Cannot understand greek works (Only priests can)
      - no written language
      - families left for rural areas
      - Germanic people do not have reading or writing skill
    - - mix of different people
      - Latin declines and splits into different languages
  - - - helped the pope----pope crowned him the " Holy Roman Emperor"
      - centralized power in the conquered lands
      - encouraged learning and spread schools
      - joined the Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire
    - - spread Christianity to unite the people
      - cultural integration of germanic tribes and roman culture
      - cooperated with Christian church & pope to gain authority
      - military force
  - - - Begin around 800 AD, Ended around 1000 AD
      - Germanic people who invaded from the north
      - Used longboats to go deep into Europe in a fascinating speed
      - Purpose: take valuables from monasteries and towns, then return
      - Convote to Christianity & learned Western farming technique
        
        Vikings adopted Christianity and stopped raiding
      - They were also traders and farmers, such as Leif
    - - Experts seafarers Invaded from the South, starting around 600 AD
      - Purpose: Conquer lands and plunder
      - spurred many people to become Christian
    - - Late 800 AD, End around 1000 AD
      - Nomadic people who came from the East
      - They didn't settle conquered lands but instead took people as slaves
      - Suffering
  - - - Pages
        
        Start about 7 yrs old
        
        Sent to a castle of another Knight / Noble and to serve them
      - Squire
        
        Start at about 14 yrs old
        
        Start to live with a knight, training necessary skills
      - Knight
        
        about 21 yrs old
        
        After ceremonies, you are a formal knight!
        
        participated in tournaments like jousting
    - - A code of conduct for the knights
      - 1- protect weak and poor
      - 2- loyalty, bravery, courteous
      - 3- DEVOTED to Christianity and Feudalism
  - - - They were "married" to the religion, so they can't marry to other people
      - Nuns: Scholastia
      - Monks: Benedict
  - - - 6AD: Jewish kingdom taken by Rome; Jews look for a Messiah to save them
      - 6BC-4BC: Jesus is born
      - 26AD: Jesus taught about ideas from Jewish tradition and emphasized people's love for god (teachings wrote in Gospels by apostles)
      - 29AD: chief priests of Jews denied Jesus and sentenced; however, Jesus appeared, convincing people that Jesus was the Messiah
        
        Later: people created a new religion (Christianity) based on Jesus's teaching and slowly spread in Rome
        
        Paul wrote Epistles (letters)to believers
      - 66AD-132AD: Jews rebel Rome multiple times but failed
        
        Later: Christian presecuted because they don't believe in Roman gods
        
        Even later: Christian became widespread in Roman Empire, and then the world
    - - embrace all people regardless of gender, status, wealth, which gave hope to powerless
      - there is only 1 god (monotheism), explained in ten commandment
      - promised eternal life after death (heaven)
      - Jesus Christ was the Son of God, fully human & divine
      - Base on Bible
    - - gathers in small groups to prey
      - celebrate Eucharist
      - fast and pray during persecution or hard times
  - - - (major) to reclaim Jerusalem and reunite Christianity
      - Kings use Crusades to send away knights
      - merchants join the Crusades to try to gain wealth through trade
    - - Pope promises that Crusaders who died go to heaven:smile:
      - successfully captured Jerusalem and split into 4 Crusader states
    - - 1192 AD: Richard (England) and Saladin make peace after
        many battles
      - Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows Christian
        pilgrims to enter the city
    - - failed to capture Jerusalem
      - the knights ended up looting the city of Constantinople, which is a Christian city!
    - - shows the power of Church in convincing thousands to fight
      - women, who stay at home, manage the estate and business affairs
      - merchants expand trade
      - failures of Crusades weakened popes, strengthened kings
      - creates hostility between the Christians and the Muslims
  - - - large, tall windows for more light
      - pointed arches that framed stained glass windows
      - flying buttresses that transferred weights to sturdy walls
      - ribbed vault, which supported the roof's weight
      - Simpler way to judge: they're usually tall and skinny
      - thrust upward as reaching toward heaven (while Roman buildings are heavy and gloomy)
      - tall spires
- - - - around A.D. 570: the future Prophet Muhammad was born in a wealthy family and worked in caravan trade
      - when Muhammad was 40 years old (around A.D. 610): Muhammad heard a voice in Mecca (according to Muslim belief it was from the angel Gabriel commissioned by Allah) that he was the messenger of Allah
        
        Later: Muhammad is convinced, he taught people that Allah is the only god, other gods should be adandoned
      - A.D. 613: people feared that Muhammad would neglect traditional gods and let Mecca lose its position as a pilgrimage (long journey) religious center
      - A.D. 622: Muhammad leave Mecca with follower to Medina(this journey is known as Hijrah) and attracted many devoted followers
      - A.D. 630: Prophet Muhammad returned and successfully took Mecca with 10000 followers. He destroyed other gods in Ka'aba (tempel for worship)
        
        Later: most Meccans converted to Islam through Muhammad's effort
    - - mixed religious environment (before A.D.630)
        
        caravans stop at Mecca (city) to worship at a shrine called Ka'aba where people introduced many gods
        
        believed in one god (monotheism) called Allah on the Arabian peninsula, mainly in Medina
      - Monotheism - one god (after A.D. 630)
        
        there is only one god!!!
        
        everyone has a responsibility to help less fortunate people and for their own actions
        
        Spiritual needs > Physical needs
        
        Allah expresses his message through Angel Gabriel; these messages were collected in a book called Qur'an
        
        Sunna, or Muhammad's example, is the best model for proper living
        
        Shari'a: law that regulates daily lives base on Qur'an and Sunna
        
        Qur'an is the final book, Muhammad is the final prophet
        
        there's heaven and hell
        
        discourage drawings of living things (relates to calligraphy)
    - - The Five Pillars
        
        Faith: Muslim have to state that Allah is the only god everyday
        
        Prayer: Muslim pray towards Mecca 5 times every day
        
        Alms: give money to the poor through a religious tax
        
        Fasting: during the holy month of Ramadan, Muslim fasts (eating little food everyday)
        
        Pilgrimage: perform hajj (or pilgrimage, a long journey) to Mecca
  - - - strong tradition before Islam
      - the Qur’an is the standard for all Arabic literature and poetry
    - - rapid development in Mathematics, Medicine and astronomy
        
        partly developed to fulfill the Five Pillars (according to the textbook) such as determining the direction to pray toward Mecca
        
        Plenty of scientists made new discoveries and innovations
        
        reliance on scientific observation & ability to find mathematical solutions
        
        Astronomy was studied for observing the lunar eclipse to determine when to do Ramadan （禁食）
      - preserved, studied, and expanded scientific knowledge of Europe
      - built House of Wisdom, a center for academics and library
    - - Calligraphy was largely created because image of living things is discouraged
      - Adapted to Islam traditions and blended with other cultures
      - buildings blended with Byzantine and Rome architecture with Muslim styles
- - - - draw religious subjects but used a realistic style —— the study of anatomy (in contrast, art in Medieval period conveys spiritual ideal)
      - naked people —— appreciation to legacy works (Roman works consisted of nakes people too)
      - Content changed —— not Jesus anymore
      - More vibrant colors and revealed the distinctive parts about each person in portraits -- closer to humanism
      - Single-point perspective ---- horizon, vanishing point —— 3D
      - artists supported by patrons
      - people (merchants) in city-states became wealthier, therefore had spare time , spare money to focus on art
    - - Impacted by HUMANISM
      - revival of Greek & Roman forms
        
        More using the columns (like the Greek temples)
        
        Less use of pointed arch + flying buttresses
        
        More rounded arch: less closer to god (cultural diffusion brought by the Muslim empire) (had an inference from the Mosques)
  - - - Focus on people and their achievements
      - Art & literature were encouraged and valued
      - Patron who support artists financially—— 赞助人, 比如说获得到这个思维导图的你 :slightly_smiling_face:
    - - Concerned with the here and now
      - Separating religion from life's decisions
    - - New interest in classical Greek amd Roman works
      - Materials (ruins of Rome and Latin manuscripts) rediscovered and saved by Muslim empire (thank you muslim empire)
      - innovated new things in art and literature
  - - - Italian art:
        
        drew greek and roman gods in ancient myth because classical antiquity is everywhere
        
        focused on realist, but not so detailed
        
        used techniques to improve the sense of 3D, visually more appealing
        
        Naked people (related to Humanism)
      - Northern Europe art:
        
        content was daily life scenes in towns, because there were little inspiration such as churches and colosseum & most of the places were rural
        
        they were extremely detailed, focusing on perfect straight lines, exquisite detail, and realistic landscapes
        
        is was not in favor of naked people because the Christianity in Northern cultures discourage them
      - Compared to the city-states, in the Northern areas there were usually monarchs (kings)
        
        they supported the Northern Renaissance but they did it on their own terms: in favor of Italian artists, but not their own artists
        
        Basically, monarchs inviting famous Italian artists to their country to draw and paint artworks (Da Vinci was an example)
  - - - Things in common: Decline of Church + Feudalism
      - Commercial Revolution
        
        Increased trade
        
        Merchants' power and wealth increased
        
        Taxes increased the king's wealth
        
        More cash, banking services, lending services
        
        More money available for building businesses
        
        More workers needed because plague killed people
        
        serfs moving to town + workers paid for labor
        
        early forms of capitalism
      - Crusades
        
        growth of city states & cultural diffusion
        
        breeded intellectual reform
      - 100 Years War
        
        England vs France
        
        England used longbow that allowed not-that-rich soldiers to kill knights from France
        
        Changed king's role: rule the kingdom
        
        Increased nationalism (fighting for the country, not the lord)
        
        Decline of chivalry
      - Bubonic Plague
        
        Killed about 1/3 people in Europe!
        
        serfs moved to cities
        
        people lose faith in the Church
        
        survivors demanded higher wage
        
        merchants began to pursue other interests
        
        Brought by the Mongol Empire
  - - - Statements Machiavelli would agree with
        
        There are no absolute rights or wrongs. Right is what works
        
        Most people are extremely selfish.
        
        To get someone to like you, tell that person what they want to hear.
      - Statements Machiavelli would not agree with
        
        Most people are honest.
        
        A promise is a sacred trust.
      - practical, not very trusting human nature
- - - - beliefs
        
        Islam Christianity
      - printing press paper
        gunpowder
- - - - KING
- - - - Printing press helped spread ideas quickly
      - Humanism and secularism values allow people to
        question the church
    - - Powerful monarchs begin challenging the Church for powerin Europe
      - People see the pope as a foreign ruler
    - - European rulers were jealous of the Church's wealth (Resentment for having to pay taxes to the Church)
    - - Some Church leaders becoming Corrupt
      - Many thought some Church practices were unacceptable —— indulgences
  - - - Stand trial + Excommunication
    - - Gaining Popularity: Luther “kidnapped" by German princes, or saved into a castle, and spreads the German New Testament across Germany
      - Peasants' revolt, Schmalkaldic war, Peace of Augsberg
    - - Only faith and forgiveness
      - The Church should be based on the Bible, but not those "church traditions" that were fake
      - All Christians are equal