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THE ENLIGHTENMENT (1 and 2 points), image, image, image, image, image,…
THE ENLIGHTENMENT (1 and 2 points)
Characteristics of Enlightenment
Characteristics the Enlightenment
Rationalism
claimed that the truths established by authority should be criticised
reason was the only criterion
Progress
development of knowledge
Reason
human rationality
the way to overcome religious dogmas
Happiness
Individual right and societal aspiration
leaders were obliged to provide it
Empiricism
claimed that we shouldn't accept reasoning that can't be empirically validated
optimistic intellectual movement of the 18th century
brought together humanism, empiricism and rationalism
France was the epicentre
It spread to America
Burgueoise, noblemen and clergymen
Evolution of The Enlightenment
a reformist movement
remormed politics, society, economy and culture
reformed monarchies to guarantee individual rights and moderate the power of absolute kings
education and pedagogy was very important
they supported extending education and the Church did not monopolise it
scientific and technical innovations
The Church and absolutism lost influence
progress in literacy
In Prussia primary school for boys and girls was established
Most important Enlightenment thinkers
Voltaire
Middle class property owner
Criticised relijious fanaticism and the structure of teh Church
Fought for civil rights and judicial reforms
He supported religious freedom
Rousseau
Middle-class
He proposed sovereingty to be in hands of the people, not the kings
He supported democracy
Mostesquieu
French magistrate
Criticised absolutism
Proposed a moderate monarchy with separation of executive, legislative and judicial power
John Locke
British philosopher
the first to defend the 3 individual rights
liberty
property
the right to life
Diderot
Reformed the Ecyclopedie
The spread of Enlightenment ideas
Spread by...
At the end of the 18th century
newspapers
were published daily
by mouth in
gatherings
Encyclopedie
28 volumes published between 1751-1772
to summarise the knwoledge of the era
25.000 people suscribed
most important book of the age
Edited by Diderot and D'Alembert
reading societies
they were libraries
religion books were replaced by science, art, philosophy and literatube books
academies
studies
Women in the Enlightenment
women experienced inequality and subordination
they protested abut their social situation
tried to inprove it based on Enlightenment ideas
progress
reasoning
Salons
Marie-Therese Rodet
She started her own salon
Science literature and art
women started to organise salons and work in professions
women made important scientific and cultural contributions
examples
Maria Gaetana Agnesi
Teacher, linguist and mathematician
published calculus books used for teaching
She taught at university of Bologna
Mary Wollstonecraft
translator
wrote tales, stories and an important teatrise on women's rights
one of the first feminists
Emilie Du Chatelet
Translated the theories of Newton into French
Met with important scientist like Voltaire
Mathematician, physicist and writer
