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The 18th century: The Enlightenment, Depotism and Parliamentarianism (Iker…
The 18th century: The Enlightenment, Depotism and Parliamentarianism (Iker Marcé)
The Scientific Revolution and Technological Advances
The Scientific Revolution
Laid the foundations of the Scientific Method
Empiricism
We should not accept reasoning that could not be empirically validated through observation and experimentation
Rationalism
Truths established by authority and tradition should be criticised, and that reason was the only valid criterion
The Enlightment: The Culture of Optimism
Characteristics of Enlightenment
It was an optimistic intellectual movement which appeared among the educated elites.
Progress
Was thought of as the development of knowledge so that civilisation could control nature and create well-being and wealth
Happiness
Was considered an individual right and a societal aspiration that leaders were obligated to provide
Reason
It was the way to overcome biased notions and religious dogmas. Led thinkers to challenge all religious beliefs
The Evolution of the Enlightenment
It was mostly a reformist movement. Kings placed a lot of importance on education and pedagogy. It led to different scientific and technical innovations. A more radical critique of the political and social system emerged.
Montesquieu (1689-1755)
French magistrate who criticised absolute monarchies where the king held all fundamental powers.
He proposed a moderate monarchy with separation of the executive, legislative and juducial powers.
Voltaire (1694-1778)
Was a wealthy middle-class property owner who criticised religious fanaticism and the structure of the Church. He was an advocate of freedom of religion.
He was in favour of enlightened depotism, he fought for civil rights and judicial reform
Rousseau (1712-1778)
He proposed a model of society where sovereignty was in the hands of the people and not of the king. He supported democracy
John Locke (1632-1704)
He was the first to defend the existence of three individual rights: the right to life, liberty and property.
Women in the Enlightenment
emilie du chatelet (1706-1749)
She helped disseminate the theories of newton by translating his works to french.
maria gaetana agnesi(1718-1799)
She spoke several languages and published books on calculus. She taught at the university of Bologna
salons: marie-therese rodet
She started her own salon and had very famous guests
mary wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
The first woman to become known as feminist.
The spread of Enlightenment ideas
The ideas were spread by word of mouth in gatherings of the nobility and upper middle class
Reading societies acted as the first public librariesfrom which books could be borrowed. During the age of enlightenment books of religion were replaced by bookks of science.
The encyclopédie had the new enlightenment ideas. It was edited by Diderot and D'Alembert
Scientists gathered in academies where studies were supported by monarchs.
Parliamentarianism and Enlightended Depotism
Absolutism and Parliamentarianism
parliamentary republican political systems
were governed by members of the nobility and wealthy middle class elected by local assemblies
absolute monarchies
It was a form of rule in which the monarch held total power, which was not restricted by any law or constitution. Absolute monarchs are not chosen but are often hereditary. The absolute monarch believed that their authority to rule was divine (came from God).
Enlightended Depotism
was a new form of government that developed in some European countries in the 18th century. Its objective was to combine absolute monarchy (despotism) with Enlightenment ideas aimed at modernising the country and improving people's wellbeing.
there were economic reforms, political reforms and regalist reforms
Catherine 'the great' (1729-1796)
her harsh policies for peasants led to popular uprisings
Spain: The War of Succesion and its consequences
The War of Succesion and its consequences
Carlos of habsburg chose felipe of bourbon as his descendant. The hague alliance declared war on france and on felipe v while there was a civil war in the hispanic monarchy. The european war ended with the peace of utrecht in 1713.
Political reforms
The old habsburg model was replaced by cabinets. Regalist policies were carried out in the church.
Foreign policy
Spain alied with france which called family compacts. When the seven years war ended the treaty of paris confirmed british hegemony in the world
