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THE ENLIGHTMENT, image, image, image, image, image, image, image, image,…
THE ENLIGHTMENT
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Rationalism
Stated thruts established by authority and tradition should be criticised
Reason was the only vallid criterion
Main representative:
René Descartes
Empiricism
Claimed not accept reasoning that could not be empirically validated through
Experimentation
Main representative:
Francis Bacon
CHARACTERISTICS
Resistance from political and religious powers
Society in the 16th to 18th centuries
ILLLITERATE
New intellectual movement appreared in the 18th century
THE ENLIGHTMENT
European phenomenon
Its main epicentre
France
Spread to America
Brought ideas of the main cultural and philosophical movements
Of the previous centuries
called on:
Reason
Experience as ways to overcome humanity's problems
Individual
Optimistic intellectual movement
Happiness
Considered:
Individual right
Societal aspiration
Leaders were obligated to provide
Progress
The development of knowledge
Reason
Human rationality
Illuminate
the darkness
society's errors
The way to overcome
biased notions
religious dogma
Led some Enlightenment thinkers
to challenge all religious beliefs.
EVOLUTION
Reformist movement
Defended its aims through reform of:
Society
Economy
Politics
Culture
Develop of the knowledge
Placed a lot of importance on
Pedagogy
Education
Wanted to limit it to basic knowledge
Reserving most important knowledge
for intellectual elites
Led to different
Technical
innovations
scientific
Most important characters
VOLTAIRE
Wealthy middle-class property owner
Criticised
religious fanaticism
structure of the Church
In favour of enlightened despotism
But he fought for
Civil rights
Judicial reform
ROUSSEAU
Middle-class
Proposed sovereignty
in the hands of the people
He supported
democracy
MONTESQUIEU
French magistrate
Criticised absolute monarchies
Proposed a moderate monarchy
separation of
the executive
judicial powers
legislative
JOHN LOCKE
British philosopher
Defended three individual rights common to all people
Property
Liberty
Right to life
SPREAD OF THE IDEAS
Ideas spread by
Books
Above all
Through
The Encyclopédie
Edited by
Diderot and D’Alembert
Published between 1751 and 1772
Summarise the knowledge of the era
Reading Societies
First public libraries
Which books could be borrowed
Gatherings
Salons for spreading ides by word of mouth
Academies
Lectures were given
Scientific
Literary
works given
Practical work carried out
WOMEN
MARIE-THÉRÈSE RODET
Started her own salon
Attended the literary salons of Paris
ÉMILIE DU CHÂTELET
What was she?
Physicist
Writer
Mathematician
Translated Newton´s works into French
MARÍA GAETANA AGNESI
What was she?
Mathematician
Teacher
Linguist
Published a number of books on calculus
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT
The first feminist
PARLIAMENTARIANISM AND ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
ABSOLUTISM AND PARLIAMENTARIANISM
ABSOLUTE MONARCHIES
Growing centralisation of political and administrative decisions in
The royal courts
The monarchy’s government
Royal treasury
Able to raise revenue and the marginalisation of
Parliaments
The courts
Structured in estates
Permanent army
Under the orders of the king
Most representative:
Louis XIV of France
Known as the ‘Sun King’
Superiority of the king’s power over all others
PARLIAMENTARY MONARCHIES
Developed
legal systems
that controlled the monarch’s power
through the action of the courts and parliaments
made up of
Major landowners
The wealthy classes
Local corporations
institutional
PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLICAN POLITICAL SYSTEMS
Governed by members of the
Nobility
Wealthy middle class
Common
On the Italian Peninsula
In the Holy Empire
In some parts of Europe
High levels of
Cultural
Development
Econmic
Enjoyed certain individual freedoms
Weak against the military power of the great monarchies
Exception
Dutch Provinces
ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
Variant of absolutism that incorporated some ideas of the Enlightenment.
Thinkers rationalised how monarchies functioned to improve
They thought that they would govern in a more efficient way
In the 18th century ideas spred througout Europe
ADDITIONAL REFORMS
Economic reforms
General improvements
Political reforms
Parliaments and courts
No more convened
Regalist reforms
Regalists had their own entity
CATHERINE ‘THE GREAT’
Empress of Russia between 1762 and 1796
Example of enlightened despotism
Implemented the reformist ideas that strengthened her power
Reforms in central and provincial government
BOURBON REFORMS AND THEIR LIMITS
THE WAR OF SUCCESSION
Carlos II
Died without children
Two pretenders
Carlos of Habsburg
Felipe of Bourbon
Sworn in as king of the monarchy
Grandson of Louis XIV of France
Supportes in Castilla
Hague Alliance
Declared war on France and on Felipe V
When the war ended
Peace of Utrecht
Felipe V renounced his claim to the French throne
Hispanic Monarchy lost its European territories
In exchange for being recognised as king of
Spain
the Indies
Felipe VI
Punished
Crown of Aragón
Used
Nueva Planta decrees
to abolish
Diputaciones generales
Customs
Fueros
Fiscal systems
Courts
Commercial law of Aragón, Cataluña and Mallorca was maintained
POLITICAL REFORMS
The old Habsburg model of government, with councils and validos acting as prime ministers
Replaced by cabinets
The fueros, laws, institutions, tax regimes and customs were mantained on
Basque provinces
Navarra
Great defender of regalism, persuaded the pope
to dissolve the Jesuits
FOREIGN POLICY
Family Compacts
Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)
When it ended
Treaty of Paris
Confirmed British hegemony
Spain had to cede Florida to Great Britain
In exchange it received Louisiana from France.
