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THE ENLIGHMEN: THE ECULTURE OF OPOTIMISM, image, image, image, image,…
THE ENLIGHMEN: THE ECULTURE OF OPOTIMISM
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENGLIGHTENMENT
Empiricisim and Rationalism
Empiricism
The Englishman Francis Bacon was its main representative
It claimed taht we should not accept reasoning that could not be empirically valited through observation and experimentation.
Rationalism
The Frenchman René Descartes was its main representative
It stated taht the truths established by authority and tradition should be criticised, and that reason was the the only valid criterion.
New intelectual movemment
appeared among the education elites of the 18th century
This wasa European phenomenon with France and its main epicentre
Enlightenment thinkers were noblemen, the bourgeoisie and clergymen alike
brought together the ideas of the mai cultural an philosophical movements of the previous centuries (humanism, epiricism...)
Intellectual movement thet expressed hope in the future throgh different ideas
Ideas
Reason
was understood as human rationality thaht could illuminate tha ddarkness and society's errors
Reason was was the way to overcome baised notions and religious dogmas.
Happiness
was considered an individual right and societal aspiration
Progerss
That civilisation could control nature and create well- being and wealth
Was thught of as the devlopment of knowledge
EVOLUTION OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
The enlightenment was a reformistic movement, placing the importance of education and pedagogy, scientific and technical inovations and a more radical critique of the political and social system
3 mator thinkers
Montesquieu
1689-1755
was a French magistrate who criticised absolute monarchies
He proposed a moderate monarchy with separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers
Voltaire
1694-1778
was wealthy, middle-class owner who criticised religious fanaticism
Althrogh he was in favour of enlightened despotism, he fought for civil rights and judicial fredoom
Rousseau
1712-1778
was from a middle-class background. He proposed a model of society were sovereignty was in the hands of the people ando not the king.
The Spread Of Enlightement Ideas
The englightement ideas were printed un the press and its books. Above all there was the encyclopedie. Here some other ideas
Newspapers
At the end of the 18th century the newspapers were published daily, weekly and on Sundays
The frist Spanish newspapers was
Diario noticioso, curioso, eurdito, comercial y politico
, published in 1758
gatherings
englghtenment was not spread in churches, families or gulids, was spread i gatherings by nobility and upper middle class, in coffee houses, taverns and salons.
The salons were usually known by the pople that orginsed them. Guest enjoyed conversation with well-known philosophers and writers.
Reading societies
These acted the first public libriaries from which books could be borrowed. The number of books publishhed therefore increased significantly during the age of Englightement.
IN England 21,000 in 1710 to 65,000 in 1790 were published
Academies
Scientist and intelectuals gathred in academies, were lectures were given, scientific, literary works were read and practical works were carried out
These studies were usually supported by monarchs, who were interesed in implementing goverment reforms
Absolutism and Parliamentarism
Absolute Monarchies
Absolute monarchies were an ideology that supported the superiority of the king's power over all others
Some characteristics of absolute monarchies also included a growing centralisation of political and administritative decisions
Parlamientery Monarchies
England was the main example
Parliamentary monarchies developed institutional and legal systems that controlled the monarch's power trough the action of courts and parliaments
After glorious Revolution in 1688, the parliament chose Mary II and William III of Orange as the new monarchs
Parlamientary republican Political Systems
It remained in place in some parts of Europe. Members of the nobility and wealthy middle class elected local assemblies
The republicans were common in the Holy Roman empire and on the Italian Peninsula
Englightened Despotism
Enlightend Depotism
Was a variant of Absolutism
These reforms did not decrease the absolute power of the monarchs
This model was implemented in various European countries from the middle of the 18th century
Important Englihtement thinkers worked as goverment advisers or ministers under absolutism monarchs in France, Spain Prussia and Russia
Monarchs tough the Englihtement ideas of universal progress and happines would help them govern more fficiently
Additional reforms
Economical
Their aim was to increas income from the royal estate. Improvements in communication rooutes, africulture, crafts and comerce was included.
Political
Parliamen or couts were not longer convened
Regalist
Within political reforms, the regalist had their own entity. These reforms were designed to gain privileges
Catherine ¨"The Great"
She was empress of Russia between 1762 and 1796, was an example of enlightened depotisim. She was in contact with the most important Enlightement thinkers
The Bourbon Reforms And their Limits
The war of succession
Carlos II of Habsburg bornt with several body and mental deforms, in which one of them was that he was not able to have choldren, when he died without children, he choose Felipe the boubon as the king of Spain over Carlos of Habsburg. After a yera of goverment some European potencies were suspecious of som alliance between France and Spain so the Spanish civil war break out in 1705. The crown of Castilla supported FelipeV and The Crown of Aragon supported Carlos of Habsburg. Felipe V won and he turned king of Spain
Withe the Peace of Utrecht in 1713, Felipe V had to renounce his claim of the French crown and all comercial territories of Alliance power
Political Reforms
The Spanish Bourbons imposed a model of Absolute monarchy inspired by the French absolutist system
In the middle of the 18th century, it began envolving towards the model of Enlightened despotism.
In terms of territory, after the imposition of
Nueva Planta
decrees, the Aragonese institutions that had been abolished were mostly replaced by new ones
The
fueros
, laaws, istitutions, tax regimes and customs of Navarra and the Basque provinces remained
I America the viceroyalties of New Granada and Río de La plata were created, from Peru
