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China (1900 - 1911), 98th_Foot_at_Chinkiang, 22232883429_c487f01d55_h, 013…
China (1900 - 1911)
Russia (Denis)
Specific Goals of Russia
Control of Manchuria: Manchuria provided access to the Pacific Ocean and was rich in natural resources, and thus provided an area of interest for the Russian Empire. This led to the Russian invasion of Manchuria and the subsequent Russo-Japanese war for expansion in Eurasia.
Expansion of Influence: The Trans-Siberian railway had the goal of facilitating easier access for Russia towards the Far East. Russia also focused on controlling the region of Manchuria.
Spheres of influence: Russia wanted to create spheres of influence in China and to have a say in Chinese domestic affairs. The weakened Chinese government had to allow Russia to establish its spheres of influence.
Policies of Russia
Competition with Japan: Russia was engaged in a geopolitical rivalry with Japan over control in Manchuria and northeastern China. This led to the Russo-Japanese war, which resulted in a Japanese victory and the signing of the treaty of Portsmouth, which made Russia cede Port Arthur and southern Manchuria to Japan.
Construction of the Trans-Siberian railway: Russia wanted to create a railway connecting Moscow to Vladivostok, which would be key to transporting goods to the Russian Far East, particularly Manchuria
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France (George)
Specific goals
French traders and merchants set themselves up on treaty ports, in order to expand and explore their economic interests, much like the other countries in China
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Treaty with Japan (French-Japan Entente o 1907) which led to Japan's recognition of France's points of colonial interests
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Policies
Get Japan loans, in condition that Japan respected China's open-door policy
Let Chinese students continue and expand on their studies in France, as well as recruited Chinese workers in french companies
Actions of France
Race to Yunnan
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In order to do so, the French government directed their finances into bulding a railroad, that would connect China and Yunnan, while elso giving them opportunity to explore Southwestern China
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The French started building the railroad in 1901 from Haiphong, Vietnam
The French ended up winning the race in 1910, even with slight labour problems
UK (Iva) :red_flag:
specific goals
(economic) Access to Chinese markets for British manufactured goods; sell opium despite Chinese growing opposition to trade
Maintaining treaty rights, allowing them to operate under their own laws and jurisdiction, undermining Chinese sovereignty
Access to ports and trade routes, particularly vital port cities of Hong Kong and Shanghai
Boxer Rebellion (1900) - Chinese anti-foreign and anti-Christian movement. British forces participated in the Eight-Nation Alliance to suppress the rebellion & protect their nationals
Preventing further colonization by other imperial powers, particularly Russia and Japan
policies
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British diplomats engaged with Chinese officials and leaders to maintain influence over Chinese affairs. Negotiating with the Chinese government to secure concessions and rights for British businesses, incl. mining and railing concessions
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Japan (Teddy)
specific goals
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Economic dominance: higher connectivity, better situated trading points
policies
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Chino-Japanese compromise for the lands in Korea (1885): no sending of troops without the warning of the other country
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Germany (Yoana)
Specific goals
Economic interests
Access to Chinese markets, especially industrial goods
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Policies
Establishing territorial concessions through treaties that provided a certain degree of control and authority for Germany over regions in China
Germany promoted educational and cultural exchanges with China, which aimed to spread the German language and culture
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Actions and measures
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Boxer Protocol(1901)
Following the Boxer rebellion, the Boxer Protocol was negotiated between Western powers and the Qing dynasty, giving them permission to station foreign troops in Beijing
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