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Aerobic Respiration, : - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 3 complex proteins are embedded into the membrane
        
        each contain enzymes to catalyze transfer of electrons
        
        Complex I, Complex III, Complex IV
    - - Complex I containing enzyme FMN receives two electrons from NADH
      - electrons passed to CoQ
        
        located in lipid interior of membrane
    - - COq ferries electrons to Complex III
        
        Complex III contains cytochrome b
      - electrons from Complex III is moved to cytochrome b
      - electrons then moves to cytochrome c
        
        peripheral membrane protein that shuttles between Complexes III and IV
    - - electrons transferred cytochromes a and a3
        
        in Complex IV
      - electrons combines with hydrogen and oxygen forming water
    - - protons are pumped through all complex as electrons move down the electron transport chain
        
        establishes the electrochemical gradient responsible for powering ATP synthases
    - - ATP is then created through ATP synthase
- - - - doesn't require oxygen
    - - most organisms
        
        besides certain anaerobic bacteria and archaea
  - - - doesn't require oxygen
    - - eukaryotes
      - aerobic bacteria
  - - - found in
        
        every eukaryotic oeganism #
    - - requires oxygen
- - - - Step 1
        
        ATP transferred to glucose molecule
        
        produces glucose 6-phosphate and ADP # #
      - Step 2
        
        glucose rearranged becoming fructose 6-phosphate
      - Step 3
        
        fructose 6-phosphate gains second phosphate
        
        fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is produced
        
        another ATP is converted into ADP
        
        2 ATP is loss
      - Step 4
        
        cleavage step
        
        6-carbon sugar molecule splits in half
        
        two 3-carbon molecules are produced (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate)
      - Step 5
        
        two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
        
        subsequent steps are now counted twice
        
        end of prepatory phase
      - Step 6
        
        two NAD+ are reduced to two NADH
        
        some energy from oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is stored as high energy electrons in NADH
      - Payoff phase
        
        Step 7 and 10
        
        two molecules of ADP take energy from the system
        
        two molecules of ATP per molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
        
        net ATP yield
        
        2 ATP per molecule of glucose.
    - - cell
        
        cytoplasm
        
        cytosol
    - - doesn't require oxygen
        
        primitive process
        
        prokaryotic cells first to undergo process
    - - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
        
        energy source used for storage and use by cells
        
        nucleoside triphosphate
        
        nitrogenous base (adenine)
        
        ribose sugar
        
        3 serially bonded phosphate groups
      - Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
        
        nucleoside phosphate
        
        nitrogenous base (uracil)
        
        ribose sugar
        
        precursor to ATP
        
        energy #
      - Glucose 6-phosphate
        
        glucose sugar
        
        phosphorylated at the hydroxyl group on carbon 6
        
        first intermediate of glucose metabolism
        
        metabolically connect glycolysis
        
        six-sided
      - Fructose 6-phosphate #
        
        derivative of fructose
        
        phosphorylated at 6-hydroxyl group
        
        one of multiple fructose phosphates
        
        five-sided
      - Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate #
        
        intermediate in glucose metabolism
        
        catalyzes the hydrolysis of fructose 1,6-biphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate
        
        phosphorylated at 1 and 6 hydroxyl group
        
        five-sided
      - Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) #
        
        enzyme in glycolytic pathway
        
        catalyzes transformation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to glycerate-1, 3 bisphosphate
        
        production of NADH made in this process
        
        phosphorylated at 3 hydroxyl group
      - Dihydroxyacetone phosphate #
        
        help metabolize glucose
        
        breakdown product of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
        
        breakdown product of NADPH reduction of 1,3 diphosphoglycerate
      - Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide #
        
        plays major role in respiration
        
        dinucleotide and hydrogen bonding after accepting two electron (NAD + H +2e --> NADH)
        
        electron
        
        acceptor
        
        donor
        
        coenzyme
        
        two nucleotides joined through 5'-phosphate groups
        
        one nucleotide contains an adenine base and other contains nicotinamide
        
        Synthesized through two metabolic pathways
        
        de novo pathway from amino acids
        
        does not use free bases
        
        Adenine
        
        Guanine
        
        Cytosine
        
        Thymine
        
        Uracil
        
        pathways salvaged by recycling nicotinamide back to NAD
- - - - cell
        
        Eukaryotic
        
        mitochondria
        
        matrix
        
        Prokaryotic
        
        cytosol #
    - - Kreb's Cycle
      - Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
        
        cycle begins with formation of citric acid
        
        contains 3 carboxylic acid groups
    - - doesn't require oxygen
    - - Pyruvate
        
        3-carbon acid formed in glycolisis
        
        increases the breakdown in fat
        
        provides energy to cells through Kreb's cycle
      - Acetyl Group
        
        small part of molecule known as moiety
        
        composed of carbonyl group linked to a methyl group
        
        carbonyl group is carbon double bonded to an atom of oxygen
        
        methyl group is one carbon bonded to threehydrogen bond
      - Acetyl CoA #
        
        metabolite derived from glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid catabolism
        
        precursor substrate for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
        
        made through oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, or by oxidative degradation of certain amino acids
        
        1 of 5 coenzymes crucial for reaction process for citric acid cycle
      - Oxaloacetate
        
        crystalline organic compound
        
        metabolic intermediate
        
        pyruvate molecule is carboxylated by a pyruvate carboxylase enzyme
      - Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
        
        a redox active coenzyme
        
        responsible for electron transport
        
        transfer of energy to the molecule FAD to convert it to FADH2
        
        preocess of reduction
    - - Step 1
        
        Two carbon acetyl group combines with a four-carbon compound (oxaloacetate) to produce citrate #
      - Step 2
        
        Coenzyme A released to combine with an acetyl group when another molecule of pyruvate is oxidized.
      - Step 3
        
        2 of the six carbons are removed and oxidized to CO2 and one molecule of oxaloacetate is regenerated.
        
        creation of a cycle
      - Step 4
        
        One acetyl group is used up and one molecule of oxaloacetate is regenerated on each turn around.
      - Step 5
        
        Some energy used to
        
        released by the oxidation of the carbon atoms is used to convert ADP to ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) #
        
        reduce coenzyme flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) to form FADH2 each turn of cycle #
        
        Most used to reduce NAD+ to NADH (3 molecules per cycle)
    - - Oxaloacetate + Acetyl CoA + 3H2O + ADP + P + 3NAD + FAD -----> Oxaloacetate + 2Co2 + CoA + ATP + 3NADH + 3H + FADH
    - - pyruvate enters the mitochondrion and is oxidized and decarboxylated
        
        Step 1
        
        electrons are removed and CO2 is split out of the molecule
        
        molecule of NADH is produced from NAD+ for each oxidized pyruvate
        
        Step 2
        
        Two pyruvate molecules derived from original glucose molecule is now oxidized to two acetyl (-CH3CO) groups.
        
        two molecules of CO2 liberated
        
        two molecules of NADH formed from NAD+
        
        Each acetyl group is temporarily attached to coenzyme A (CoA).
        
        a large molecule where a nucleotide is linked to pantothenic acid (B-complex vitamin)
        
        combination of two components creates acetyl CoA.
        
        form in which carbon atoms from glucose enter the citric acid cycle