Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Applications - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Schizoid: no pleasure, no close relationships
      - Paranoid: paranoid, suspicious
      - Schizotypal: odd thinking
    - - Borderline: unstable emotions, attachment issues, harm self
      - Histrionic: dramatic, attention-seeking, style over substance
      - Narcissistic: grandiose, desires attentionno empathy
      - Antisocial: won't obey authority, no social norms, harm others
    - - Dependent: submissive, clinging, need reassurance
      - Obsessive-compulsive: order/perfection, need control
        
        OCD: ego-dystonic - aware of symptoms, anxiety/distress, to prevent catastrophe
        
        OCPD: ego-syntonic - unaware, inflexible, need to be perfect
      - Avoidant: withdrawn, socially anxious, fear rejection
- - - - +ve/-ve life events
        Personality more likely to predict life events
        
        N, O -> -ve; E, C, O -> +ve
        But
        
        -ve -> more N
        
        +ve -> less N, more E, A, C
        
        Long-term unemployment -> less A women, less C men
        
        Natural disasters -> more N
      - Life outcomes
        
        High C -> health, long life, school/work
        
        Low N, high A -> marriage
        BUT effects small, e.g. 6% variation
      - Education/work
        
        High C; also A, +ve Em, O -> success
        
        Attraction/niche-picking: select work that matches traits
        
        Recruitment: others select people with matching traits
        
        Attrition/deselection: leave work that doesn't match traits
        
        Direct: good fit -> better performance; C -> perf; +ve Em -> problem solving
      - Health
        
        C -> live longer; Disagreeable -> more disease; N -> illness/illness behaviour
        
        Pathogenesis: Disagreeable -> react to stress -> disease
        
        Health promoting/damaging behaviour: +ve Em -> social; low C -> risk taking, smoking/eating
        
        Reaction to illness: coping, distress, treatment adherence; high N -> worse reaction -> ill health
      - Relationships
        
        Children: A, E -> socially competent; -ve E, low C -> socially incompetent
        
        Adults: High A, low N -> relationship success; -ve Em -> relationship problems
        
        Parenting: sensitive - +Em, A; incompetent - N, but more study needed
        
        Interactional context selected: similar partners strengthen traits
        
        Exposure to events: more conflict if both high -ve Em
        
        Reactions to others: N -> emphasise -ve; A -> emphasise +ve
        
        Others' reactions: high N, low A -> criticise, contempt, defensive, stonewall
    - - Marriage/relationships -> more C, self-esteem, less N
      - Parenthood -> more E? no change in C, N
      - Full-time work -> more C, less N; more O
    - - 1. Maturity principle / personality maturation: change in traits because more mature
        
        More C, more A, less N
        
        More functional maturity - higher capacity to contribute to society
        
        Not supported: humanistic maturity - self-actualisation, growth
        
        Consistent with Erikson's life stages
        
        Emerging adulthood: new stage b/n adol. & adulthood
      - 3. Corresponsive principle: env. selects & maintains traits
        
        Social selection: select env. that matches traits
        
        AND Social influence: env. develops traits
      - 2. Cumulative continuity: personality more consistent with age
        
        Genetic: factors preserve diff (regress to set-point)
        
        Niche building: seek env. that match traits, then env. promotes traits
        
        ID commitment/maintenance: behave consistently with ID
        
        Normative-dev changes: C/A/less N people less likely to change
- - - - Optimistic
        
        Believe -ve events temporary
        
        -> Better immune system, better outcomes
      - Pessimistic
        
        Believe -ve events stable, global, internal - catastrophising
        
        -> Depression
      - General
        
        Habitual means of interpreting life events
        
        Learned optimism: learn to be more optimistic
        
        Learned helplessness: individual learns cannot control important things -> depression, stress, apathy
    - - Sick role
        
        N -> illness behaviour if stressed, report more symptoms, reward for illness
  - - - Type T (Thrill-seeking)
        
        E, sensation-seeking
        
        Impulsivity -> risk-taking - smoke/drugs/drink, accidents
    - - Type A - Hostility
        
        Hostility -> heart attacks
      - Type D (Distressed) - Anxiety
        
        High N + high social inhibition
        
        Social inhibition: not expressing emotions that risk disapproval - overlap with I
        
        Physical & mental health issues, shorter life
        
        Can try: diet/lifestyle changes, meditation, CBT, gratitude, journaling,