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Lesson 2- Classification Systems - Coggle Diagram

- - - - • Section One: An introduction to the manual with instructions on its use.
      - • Section Two: Contains classification of the main mental health disorders: Neurodevelopmental disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, aggressive, depressive disorders, aggressive disorders, obsessive disorders.
      - • Section Three: Contains other assessment measures to aid diagnosis. This is a cultural formulation interview guide to help diagnosis from a different culture from clinician diagnosing them. It includes other conditions that are being assessed for possible future diagnosis.
  - - - • Examples in the ICD are-Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders
- - - - • Patient Factors-Unreliable diagnosis may occur due to patient factors like information provided by patient to clinician being inaccurate due to memory, shame, or denial problems/ These psychological factors, along with specific issues like disorganised thoughts, psychopathy, or manipulative tendencies, can make diagnosis difficult and likely to differ between clinicians.
      - Clinician factors-Clinicians use subjective judgement according to how they interpret the symptoms a patient presents. This is largely dependent on background, training, experience of a clinician. For example, a clinician with psychodynamic training may emphasise the importance of early childhood experience and mistake hallucinations for past trauma. While medically trained psychiatrists may explain hallucinations as consequence of excess dopamine in the brain. Diagnosis may be reliable as different clinicians agree on it but doesn’t mean it’s valid. Rosenham found high inter-rater reliability in diagnosing schizophrenia from same set of symptoms, but diagnosis was not valid because people receiving the diagnosis was not mentally ill.
  - - - • Concurrent validity (Comparing evidence from several studies testing same thing to see if they’re true) can be tested by looking at other diagnostic tool like comparing ICD and DSM. If there’s a broad agreement about which symptoms constitute which disorder, there’s concurrent validity. DSM V has referred consistently to coding in ICD showing strong agreement between two instruments.
        
        • Aetiological Validity (Extent to which disorder has same cause or causes, i.e. family history in disorder known to have genetic cause) can be established by examining causes of disorder and matching them to person’s history/experiences like using family history to support diagnosis of genetic cause of disorder.
        
        • Predictive validity (Extent to which results from test like DSM or study can predict future behaviour) should be examined. This is where future course of disorder is known and can be applied to person, so diagnosis is checked against outcome to see if it’s valid. If a patient genuinely has depression, improvement should be seen after 8-week course of anti-depressants.