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ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) - Coggle Diagram
ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)
Definition
A neurodevelopmental disorder which is diagnosed in childhood and is intricately connected to brain-behavior relationships.
Individuals with ADHD have difficulties with attention and/or hyperactivity and impulsiveness.
It is so pervasive and persistent which significantly interfere with everyday life and will lead to educational, behavioral and other difficulties, showing up in early childhood.
Etiology & Risk Factor
Neurological Factor
-Developmental cerebral abnormality, lesion of the brain, deficit in neurotransmitter which affect brain development or resulting in brain injury have been implicated in ADHD pathogenesis.
-Hypoxic-anoxic brain injury, epilepsy disorders, TBI also contribute to risk.
-Greater ADHD in utero exposure to alcohol or tobacco and low birth weight
Environmental Factor
-Psychosocial adversity (socioeconomic status).
-Exposure to environmental toxins.
-Low birth weight.
-Breech delivery.
-Prematurity.
-Hypoxic-ischemic-encephalopathy.
-Small head circumference.
-Iodine & thyroid deficiency.
-Difficulty at birth particularly with loss of oxygen.
Genetic Factor
-Family, twin, and adoption suggested strongly that ADHD is a highly heredity, polygenic disorder.
-Identification of genes sets affecting neurotransmitter pathways in the brain suggested that rare copy numbers variants of the accumulation of larger deletions and duplications influencing gene transcription more commonly found in individuals with ADHD.