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Dev Psych C2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Infants spend alot of time in REM sleep to develop their visual system or build sensori maps
      - When newborns sleep frequently, limited visual experiences during wakefulness
      - REM sleep compensates w high brain activity
  - - - Graduated extinction (delayed response to crying)
      - Bedtime fading (bedtime earlier)
      - No negative effects on infant-mother attachment or stress
      - Reduced maternal stress
    - - Infants sleep in close proximity to mothers day and night
      - Co-sleeping and on-demand breastfeeding
      - Sleep patterns distributed throughout day and night
  - - - Small for gestational age: newborns who weigh less than what is normal for their gestational age
    - - SES often intertwines w LBW status
      - Higher education and employment status predict better outcomes for very LBW infants so those without these might benefit from additional support
      - For majority of LBW children, negative effects tend to diminish with time as they grow
    - - Parental involvement: more physical contact and social interaction, Kangaroo care (skin 2 skin) → reduces mortality and enhances breastfeeding and attachment
      - Touch VIP: infants w gentle touching in NICU exhibit stronger neural responses to touch. LBW infants normally have limited tactile stimulation due to precautions
      - Educational programs for parents: preterm infants may reach developmental milestones later. Parents need more guidance in adjusting developmental timetables. Equip parents w more knowledge and responsiveness
      - Reducing child abuse: preterm infants higher risk of child abuse, extended ICU stay increaes risk
      - Cumulative risks: more risks faced, lower likelihood of positive outcome
- - - - Sudden unexplained death under 1 year of age, often during sleep
      - Likely involve interaction betwee underlying biological issue risking infant and environmental stressors
      - Altered serotonin levels and genetic mutations might contribute to SIDS
      - Subset of cases are form rare genetic mutation in breathing muscles → infants at greater risk of respiratory challenge in situations impairing breathing
      - Prevention: put baby on back, remove barriers to breathing, avoid smoking near baby, use firm bedding
- - - - Can be relieving for those battling depression and treating depression during pregnancy can lower risk of PPD esp those w history of depression
      - Can harm the fetus, safety of antidepressants are inconclusive
      - Pregnant women w depression face a difficult choice: risk potential negative outcomes on fetus or from untreated depression
      - Many pregnant women prefer non-pharmaceutial treatments (eg. CBT, MBT)
    - - Designed to mimic NTs, potential to wreak havoc on developing brain
      - Often co-occurs w other maternal substances
      - Prescription opioids (eg. Vicodin, percocet)
      - Illicit opioids (eg. fentanyl, heroin)
      - Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS): when fetuses exposed to opioids undergo drug withdrawal after birth
      - Common NAS effects include LBW, breathing and feeding difficulties, and seizures
      - NAS treatment: methadone or morphine to manage withdrawals
    - - Highest usage among 18 - 25 yos
      - Prenatal exposure associated w range of problems like attention, impulsivity, learning, and memory
      - Data on marijuana’s effects are inconclusive, difficult to isolate effects of drug since its often taken w other substances and alcohol
    - - Limit amount of oxygen of mother and fetus
      - Fetuses metabolize carcinogens in tobacco
      - Slowed fetal growth and LBW, SIDS, lower IQ, hearing deficits, ADHD, cancer → effects more pronounced in early gestation
    - - Increasingly used as alternative to traditional cigarettes during pregnancy
      - Belief it is healthier option
      - Nicotine poses risk to fetal cardiac, respiratory, and NS
    - - Crosses placental barrier, fetus receives alcohol in/directly → reduced metabolism
      - Fetal brain injury, fetus has less ability to metabolize alcohol and remove from is blood
      - Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and FAS, ID, attention problems, hyperactivity, LBW, ADHD risk, cognitive developmental delays
  - - - Dose-response r/s: higher maternal lead levels increases risks
      - Neurotoxin, affects intelligence, academic achievement, development of ADHD symptoms, increase risk of miscarriage, preterm birth, low birth rate
  - - - Influences survival rate
      - Young teen mothers (<= 15 yo) have lower chances of baby survival
      - Many women in industrialized countries wait till 30 - 40s to have children
      - Infertility treatments can increase conception likelihood for older parents but risk of negative outcomes for mother and fetus increases w age (Dose response r/s)
      - Mothers: prenatal environments and birth circumstances
        Fathers: Genetics (eg. chromosomal abnormalities and mutations)
    - - Inadequate diets → nutritional deprivation (eg. too little folic acid can increase risk for neural tube defect called spina bifida)
      - Fortified foods (eg. breakfast cereals) can supplement folic acid intake
      - Many mothers unaware of pregnancy during critical early gestation periods
      - Malnutrition coexists w poverty → complicates assessment of isolated effects on prenatal development
      - Malnutrition in fetal development linked to impaired attention and premature aging of brain in adulthood
      - Eg. Inadequate prenatal nutrition (eg. famine during war) → fetus’s metabolism adjusts to level of nutritional deficiency in the womb → does not reset itself after birth (eg. metabolisms were set prenatally, so when nutrition set to normal levels, physiology is a poor match for food-rich environment → increased risk of obesity)
    - - Rubella (3 day measles)
        
        If contracted early can lead to deafness, blindness, IDs and major malformations
        
        Vaccination before pregnancy is recommended
      - STIs
        
        Breastmilk may be a protective factor for unaffected infants born to HIV+ mothers
        
        AIDS, HIVs, cytomegalovirus (CMV), type of herpes virus can cause congenital infections and damage fetus’s CNS and cause serious defects, blindness, and death
      - Zika
        
        Can cause serious birth defects like microcephaly (head smaller than expected)
        
        Can infect fetuses’ cortical-neural progenitor cells stunting brain growth
        
        Can be transmitted sexually and through bodily fluids
    - - Alterations in the HPA axis influences stress regulation in the mother and fetus
      - Cortisol and glucocorticoids can slow the growth of fetuses and disrupt HPA axis functioning --> impacting their ability to cope w stress later
      - Maternal stress can also affect birth weight, antisocial behavior --> VIP to reduce maternal stress
      - Fetal programming
        
        Prenatal environment is the strongest predictor of later outcomes
        
        Suggests prenatal environment can lead to LT changes in stress coping mechanisms via disrupted HPA axis functioning.
      - Belated emergence of effects of prenatal experience → program physiological set points governing physiology in adulthood
      - Difficult to isolate specific effects of maternal stress from other co-occuring factors like postnatal stress and shared genetics