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Dev Psych C2 - Coggle Diagram
Dev Psych C2
Newborn infant
Healthy babies interact w environment right away, exploring and learns about new environment
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REM sleep
Quick, jerky eye movements
Distinctive pattern of brain activity, body movements, and irregular heart rate and breathing
50% of newborn’s total sleep time, declines to only 20% by 3 - 4 yo
Myoclonic twitching: unique jeky movements during REM that are characteristic of REM sleep. Frequent during early development, helps connect motor patterns w specific sensations
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Non-REM sleep
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Regular: slow brain waves, breathing and heart rate
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Newborns’ brains dont disconnect from external stimulation to same way that older individuals do → can learn while asleep
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Crying
Peaks around 6 - 8 weeks, can increase over first 2 months
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Soothing
Rocking, singing lullabies, stroking baby, holding to shoulder, pacifier, distracting
Soothing technique called swaddling → wrap tightly to restrict movement → tight wrapping provides constant high level of tactile stimulation and warmth
Literature/ experiences mixed between responding to infant cries produces less crying or ignoring infant cries produces less crying → both perspectives equally valid
Colic
Excessive, inconsolable crying for no apparent reason
Can be due to allergic responses to mother’s diet (eg. ingested via breast milk), formula intolerance, immature gut development, excessive gassiness
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Infant mortality
Death rate during first year of birth → can be exacerbated due to war, famine, persistent extreme poverty
Apgar score → evaluation tool for neonatal caregivers worldwide to assess health of newborn infants. Looks at skin tone, pulse rate, facial responses, arm and leg activity, breathing strength
Low birth weight (LBW)
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Heightened risk of neurosensory deficits, more frequent illness, lower IQ scores, lower educational achievement, ADHD, autism, abnormal brain devlepment
Causes: smoking, alcohol, environmental pollutants (eg. lead and mercury), increasing multiple birth (fertility treatment)
Consider
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Higher education and employment status predict better outcomes for very LBW infants so those without these might benefit from additional support
For majority of LBW children, negative effects tend to diminish with time as they grow
Intervention programs
Parental involvement: more physical contact and social interaction, Kangaroo care (skin 2 skin) → reduces mortality and enhances breastfeeding and attachment
Touch VIP: infants w gentle touching in NICU exhibit stronger neural responses to touch. LBW infants normally have limited tactile stimulation due to precautions
Educational programs for parents: preterm infants may reach developmental milestones later. Parents need more guidance in adjusting developmental timetables. Equip parents w more knowledge and responsiveness
Reducing child abuse: preterm infants higher risk of child abuse, extended ICU stay increaes risk
Cumulative risks: more risks faced, lower likelihood of positive outcome
Prenatal development
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Meiosis: cell division that produces gametes. 23 chromosomes from mother and 23 chromosomes from father → 23 pairs
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Cephalocaudal development: Pattern of growth where areas near head develop earlier than areas farther from head
Gender imbalance
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Balancing act between conception and survival → slight male bias at birth due to lower survival rate of female fetuses in early gestation
Challenges in early life
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Male fetuses more sensitive to teratogens (substances causing congenital disorders, damage or death during in fetuses during prenatal development) → affecting viability and post-birth health
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Perspective of the Beng
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No funeral: If baby dies before cord detaches, its seen as returning to spirit village
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Diviners consulted: If unhappy, babies might be given different name based on past life
Developmental processes
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Hormones
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Androgens → hormones including testosterone → development of male genitalia In the absence, female genitalia develop.
Source of androgens is the male fetus itself, around 8th week after conception
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Toward end of gestation, fetus increases production of hormones → facilitate maturation of key organs (eg. lungs) for life beyond womb
Neural tube: groove formed in top layer of differentiated cells that becomes the brain and spinal cord
Amniotic sac: transparent, fluid-filled membrane surrounding and protecting fetus
Placenta: support organ for fetus that permits exchange of materials from bloodstream of fetus and mother. 90% of cells in the placenta are from the baby.
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Early development
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Movement
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Movement of limbs, fingers
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Fetal experience
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Touch (eg. grasping umbilical cord, rubbing face, sucking thumb)
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Smell (eg. fluid can carry odors from what mother eats) → phylogenetic continuity → humans share many characteristics and developmental processes w animals due to shared evolutionary history
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Fetal learning
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Habituation: simple form of learning involving a decrease in response to repeated or continued stimulation seen at 30 weeks gestation in visual and auditory stimuli
Dishabituation: introduction of new stimulus rekindles interest following habituation to repeated stimulus
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Birth expereince
38 weeks after conception, uterine muscles contract initiating birth --> baby experiences squeezing
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