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English for Academic & Professional Purposes - Coggle Diagram
English for Academic & Professional Purposes
FORMALITY pertains to the APPROPRIATE LANGUAGE that we should use in a writing, which depends on its context and purpose. It concerns Formal & Informal writing.
Formal is more objective, STRUCTURED, and ACADEMIC based. Informal is more subjective, FLEXIBLE, and PERSONAL/social based.
Avoid contractions (don't, can't, won't, hadn't)
Avoid two-word verbs (put into, find out, cut out, brought about)
Avoid abbreviations/acronyms (LSM, SHS, ASAP, ATM)
Avoid colloquialisms (sorta, kinda, wanna, y'all, NAHHH)
OBJECTIVITY pertains to the GOAL LANGUAGE of the writing. It concerns Objective and Subjective language.
Objective is unbiased, factual, general perspective. Subjective is more personal, emotive, and individual perspective.
Avoid 1st & 2nd Person (I, you, me, we)
Avoid personal pronouns (I, you, me, we, ours)
Avoid rhetorical questions (what, who, when, where, how?)
Avoid emotive language (shocked, jolly, angered, underestimated)
HEDGING is a CAUTION technique for flawed & UNPROVEN statements. It is also called "vague language"
Best Caution Verbs: Tends, suggest, appear to be, think, believe, doubt, indicate
Best Modal Verbs: will, must, may, might, could, can, would
Adverbs of Frequency: often, sometimes, usually, normally
Example: Some Gov't official may be corrupt. Government corruption is commonly linked with some officials. Some officials tend to have corruption cases.
EXPLICITNESS is a TRACING technique involving signposts and signal words to link relationships.
Signal words: however, due to, this resulted, similarly, in addition, for example, for instance,
NOMINALIZATION is a STRUCTURE technique involving ACTIONS as the focus instead of the doer of actions.
The company created a software -> The creation of a software
The president announced -> The president's announcement
The mall distributed -> the distribution of free items
PASSIVIZATION is another STRUCTURE TECHNIQUE involving RESULTS as the focus, removing the doer.
Several scientists conducted an experiment -> an experiment was conducted
The researchers analyzed -> An analysis was made
The students broke a laptop -> A laptop breakage was done
LITERAL paraphrasing involves REPHRASING the text but retaining the same meaning all throughout (word changing). STRUCTURAL paraphrasing involves REORGANIZING the text to convey the meaning but in a different way (layouts, order, idea organization).
For IN-TEXT CITATIONS, always put a CITATION PER INFO of the source for every information used in the text. E.g. (Duterte, 1669) or (Duterte et al., 1669) if there are three authors or more.
For REFERENCES, upon creating a reference list, use INDENTIONS for the reference's second line. Arrange the sources in alphabetical order.