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1.24.1.12 - Haematology and Anaemia - Coggle Diagram
1.24.1.12 - Haematology and Anaemia
laboratory blood tests
microhaematocrit
microscopic examination of blood smears
haemocytometer
automated analysers
microhaematocrit
measures the ratio of the volume occupied by packed red blood cells to volume of the wole blood
rapid and cheap in house test that gives largew amount of information
information given
jaundice
jaudnice
haemolysis
leukocytosis
lipaemia
analysers
coulter principle - to enumerate and identify blood cell populatiuons
a stream of cells passes through an aperture chambers across which there is an electrical curent
absorbance measures haemoglobin
passing cells disrupt the electrical flow, causing a pulse
amplitude is proportional to cell volume
pulse frequency - cell number
measured values
platelets
white blood cell counts
mean corpuscular volume
haemoglobin
red blood cells
calculated values
hematocrit
packed cell volume
fraction of whole blood volume that consists of red blood cells
mean corpuscular haemoglobin
the average amount of haemoglobin per red blood cell in picograms
mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration
the average concentration of haemoglobin in the cells relative to size/volume of the cell
limitations of automated systems
not giving reliable differential white blood cell counts
occasionally small rbcs will be undercounted and given as platelets
large platelets may get counted as rbcs
cant ID rbc morphology or blood parasites
always check blood smears
common problems with blood smaples
appropriate tube fill
haemolysis
lipaemia
clotting
labelling (species)
correct tube selection
microscopic examination of blood smears
presence of any abnormal cells and parasites
platelet counts - manual estimate to confirm results from automatic analyisis
erythrocyte and leukocyte morphology
send with edta sample for blood analysis - to distiguish sample aging during tansport and genuine diagnostic findings
differential leukocyte counts
diversity of leukocyte patterns in cats and dogs
quick and low cost diagnostic tool - charities
other blood tests
total iron binding capacity
indirect measure of amount of transferrin in the blood
o2/co2
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
probably due to changes in the plasma that encourage agglutination
larger aggregates that sediment more rapidly
increased esr is a non-specific change in many diseases
horses -esr too high in healthh animals to notice increase due to disease
ruminants - no increase due to disease
anaemia
condition in which the capacity of the blood to transport oxygen is reduced
reduced amount of haemoglobin per erythrocyte
both
recued number of circulating erythrocyres
defined by three basic variables
rbc count
packed cell volume
total haemoglobin
anaemia is a clinical observation not a diagnosis
reduced production of erythrocytes
lead posioning
lymphoma/leukemia
iron deficiency
chronic renal disease
viral disease
lysis of erythrocytes
neonatal erythrolysis
bacterial infections
transfusion reactions
loss of blood
severe hookworm infestations
bleeding instestinal neoplasm or ulcer
trauma causing haemhorrage
severe flea infestation
internal bleeding or clotting disorder
characterisation of anaemia
rbc morphology
cell size
macrocytic
normocytic
microcytic
haemoglobin count
hypochromic
normochromic
hyperchromic
bone marrow response
reticulocyte count
non-regenerative
regenerative