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CHEM 161, Chap 1. Science and Measuremen - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Ionic compounds: Formula unit is repeating unit of a crystal lattice. Bonds within formula unit are ionic (between metal and non-metals, or metals and groups of covalently bonded molecules).
      - Molecular compound/covalent compound: Formula unit exists as individual grouping. These are covalently bonded non-metals (can be metalloids).
        
        Some elements are only found in molecular form.
        These are 9: H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, P4,S8
        
        Diatomic molecules: Occur in in 7 shape in periodic table +H.
        
        Some in more than one molecular form-->allotropes. ex: graphite and diamond are allotropes of C. Can have very different properties.
  - - - Naming convention: prefix if more than two+ first element name+ prefix +second element root + suffix ide. Element with lower group number always comes after. exception: O always after.
      - Binary covalent compounds with H follow different rules
        
        Acids start with H and follow acid conventions
        
        Compounds that end with H are given special names
  - - - Naming Cations
        
        Polyatomic Cations (mainly ammonium NH4+): special names. must be memorized
        
        Monoatomic metal cations
        
        variable charge: element name - (roman numeral) - ion
        
        cst charge: element name followed by ion
      - Naming Anion
        
        Monoatomic anions: suffix -ide instead of element ending
        
        Polyatomic anions
        
        Oxyanions
        
        higher or only O# : root-ate
        
        lower O#: root - ite
        
        in halogen:
        
        one above ate: per-root-ate
        
        one under ite: hypo-root-ite
        
        with additional hydrogen: hydrogen ... or dihydrogen ...
        
        Normal: special names. must be memorized
    - - Chemical formula: ionic compound . x H2O. Name of anion - prefix-hydrate
  - - - monoprotic: One ionizable H
      - Polyprotic: two or more ionizable H
      - Binary acids: H + one more element
        
        hydro-->root-->ic-->acid
      - Organic acid: acid containing C, H, O: will discuss in Chap 22
      - Oxyacids: H + oxyanion
        
        -ate oxyanion: root-->ic-->acid
        
        -ite oxyanion: root-->ous-->acid
      - HCN: hydrocyanic acid
- - - - Alkaline earth metals (G2)
      - Coinage metals (G11 w/o Rg, i.e. Cu-Ag-Au)
      - Alkali metals (G1 w/o H)
      - Noble gasses (G18)
      - Halogens (G17)
    - - Main Group Elements: G1-2+G13-18. Include some of the most common elements on Earth, characterized by usual predictability, fall more into patterns.
      - Transition Elements: G3-13
        
        Inner Transition Elements/Metals (Elements placed in bottom two lines, from P6-7
        
        Actinides: Second row, Z=89-103
        
        Lanthanides: First row, Z=57-71
    - - Non-Metals: everything after metalloid line +H. Usually brittle, dull, non-conductive
      - Metalloids: diagonal starting from first element in transition metals (Be), w/o last box + add stair support in the middle. Possess a blend of metal/non-metal properties
      - Metals: Everything before metalloid line (including inner transition elements) - H. Are usually ductile, shiny, conductive
- - - - Physical change does not change chemical composition
- - - - candela
        
        cd
    - - kilogram
        
        kg
    - - meter
        
        m
    - - second
        
        s
    - - Ampere
        
        A
    - - Kelvin
        
        K
    - - Mole
        
        mol