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Citric Acid Cycle, Plants, Major Steps for, Environmental Isotopes,…
Citric Acid Cycle
Pyruvate oxidation
Electrons stripped from pyruvate and given to NAD+
Carbon Dioxide then broken off,
C3-> C2
(Acetyl CoA)
The
C2
then joins to
C4
turning it into Citrate,
C6
More electrons are stripped off and provided to NAD+->NADH
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Strip off more electrons and provide to FAD->FADH₂
Complete cycle to C4
CO2 breaks off again
Breaks off CO2
Products:
8 (4x2)
NADH
with Pyruvate oxidation)
2 (1x2)
FADH₂
2 (1x2)
ATP
Matrix of Mitochondria is where Citric Acid Cycle happens⬇️
Plants
Cell Wall
Composed primarily of Cellulose → β-glucose
Monosaccharide
Microfibrils made of glucose monomers
β 1,4-glucose bonds
Through dehydration synthesis
Hydrogen bonds make cellulose extremely strong
Remains somewhat flexible to permit growth
Creates turgor pressure along with large central vacuole
Multicellular
DNA
Machinery to transcribe DNA into
RNA
Then makes
Proteins
Regulation
Took over most catalytic functions
Based on similarity between
Tree of Life
~Self-Replicating
~Traps chemical and solar energy to fuel workings of the cell
~Direct synthesis of other compounds
~Lays evolutionary groundwork for living cells
~Synthesize molecules needed for growth
Provided as a stable 'library'
Electrons
Reducing is a loss of
Oxidizing is a gain of
Aerobic Respiration
Endosymbiotic Theory
Eats but does not digest bacterium
Symbiosis becomes interdependence
Mitochondrial eukaryote eats a photosynthetic cyanobacterium but does not digest it.
Becomes interdependent
Exchanges DNA
Chemioosmotic electrochemical gradient
Proton motive force
Trapped protons creates a battery
Only one way down concentration gradient
ATP Synthase
Drives the synthesis of ATP
Catalyzes formation of ATP from ADP + Pᵢ
Driven by chemiosmotic, electrochemical gradient across membranes
Electron Transport Chain
Builds up proton motive force
Regenerates electron carriers
Mitochondrial Electron transport chain consists of 4 large protein complexes
Final Electron Acceptor
Oxygen
Proton Motive force primarily generates ATP. In the beginning energy from inorganic molecules used to drive circulation of electrons and protons and then was the synthesis of ATP
ATP is the addition of a phosphate group to
2 more items...
Gains __ from
ATP
Photosynthesis
Chemiosynthesis
Only found in lower subclasses
Still present
Gains energy from inorganic minerals
Found in extreme environments
Adds a phosphate group to ATP
Chloroplasts
Grana:Stack of Thylakoids
Thylakoid Reactions with proteins embedded in thylakoid
Stromal reactions within aqueous stroma
Plasmids
Major Steps for
Oxidative phosphorylation
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
NAD+
is a oxidizing agent and accepts electrons
NADH
is the reduced form or
NAD+
and gives up electrons. Strong reducing agent
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
FAD
is a strong oxidizing agent
FADH₂
is the reduced form
Weaker proton force compared to NADH
<-Inner Membrane of Mitochondria is Location of Oxidative Phosphorylation
Final Electron Acceptor:
Oxygen
Glycolysis
Starts with Glucose, C6 as substrate
Ends with Pyruvate, C3, as the product
2 net
ATP
2
NADH
Widespread metabolic pathway
Series of 10 reactions into the three-carbon sugar Pyruvate
Environmental Isotopes
Evidence for
Geological Strata
Gives clues to descent
Biological Molecules
Fossils
Carbon
C13 discriminated against by photosynthesis
C14 decays so not used to generally time
C12 abundant in living things compared to the environment surrounding it
99% C12
Eukaryotes
Endomembrane system
Forms multiple organelles
Plasma membrane
Golgi body
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nuclear Envelope
Then are translated and go towards either promoting
Structure
Peptide Nucleic Acid
Earliest evidence ~3.5bya
Can direct formation of RNA
RNA probably replaced PNA as a precursor since early conditions werent quite right for RNA
Metabolism
Uses mitochondria to complete the process