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1. Theoretical Grammar and its subject. (GRAMMAR), 3. Language functions.…
1. Theoretical Grammar and its subject. (GRAMMAR)
PRACTICAL
The AIM:
the description of grammar rules that are necessary to understand and formulate sentences
THEORETICAL
the AIM:
1) to offer explanation for these rules; 2)deals with the language as a functional system; 3) to present a theoretical description of the grammatical system of the English language
3. Language functions. The communicative function of language.
the COMMUNICATIVE function
Some communicative functions include commenting, requesting, protesting, directing attention, showing, and rejecting.
the EXPRESSIVE or representative function
is realized in the process of speech communication
the IDEATIONAL function
to organise, understand and express our perceptions of the world and of our own consciousness
the INTERPERSONAL function
to participate in communicative acts with other people, to take on roles and to express and understand feelings, attitude and judgements
the MANIPULATUVE function
serve a primary purpose of affecting the behaviour of others
the PLAYFUL function
Authors use letters, sounds, and even words to create an effect or to make a fun game with words and sounds. For example, “Racey Tracey”, “Andrew Wandrew”.
4. General characteristics of the grammatical structure of language. Analytical and synthetic languages.
The grammatical structure
a system of means used to turn linguistic units into communicative ones, in other words – the units of language into the units of speech
SYNTHETIC
Synthetic languages are defined as ones of ‘internal’ grammar of the word -- most of grammatical meanings and grammatical relations of words are expressed with the help of inflexions (Ukrainian - зроблю).
ANALYTIC
Analytical languages are those of ‘external’ grammar because most grammatical meanings and grammatical forms are expressed with the help of words (will do).
!!! Language cannot be purely synthetic or analytic.
E.g. the English language (Modern English) possesses analytical forms as prevailing, while in the Ukrainian language synthetic devices are dominant.
In the process of time English has become more analytical as compared to Old English.
6. Language as a structural system. General characteristics of linguistic units. The notion of isomorphism. The linguistic unit as a double entity.
LANGUAGE
phonological
unit is
the`phoneme
. It is a distinctive unit (bag – back)
morphological
1)
the `morpheme
– the lowest meaningful unit (teach – teacher);
2)
the word
- the main naming (`nominative) unit of language.
syntactical
1)
the word-group
– the dependent syntactic unit;
2)
the sentence
– the main communicative unit.
supersyntatical
the unit is
the text
.
The grammatical structure of language is a system of means used to turn linguistic units into communicative ones, in other words – the units of language into the units of speech.
isomorphism
parallelism in the organization of the phonic and semantic aspects of a language
the similarity and likeness of organization of linguistic units when the level units are built up in the same way and the units of a lower level serve as the building material for the units of a higher level.
Language is regarded as a
system of elements
(or: signs, units) such as sounds, words, etc.
These elements have
no value without each othe
r, they depend on each other, they exist only in a system, and they are nothing without a system.
Language is a
structural system
. Structure means hierarchical layering of parts in `constituting the whole.
2. Different approaches to the analysis of language as a functional system: semantic, syntactic and pragmatic.
SYNTACTIC
Between a unit and other units; Formal relation of units is studied by syntax
PRAGMATIC
Between a unit and a person; Pragmatic meaning is studied by pragmatics
Pragmatics considers the context of utterances and aims to understand the inferred meaning rather than the literal meaning. For example:
“It's hot in here! Can you crack a window? " (Here we can infer that the speaker wants the window to be opened and doesn't want the window to be physically damaged.)
SEMANTIC
Between a unit and objective reality; The referential meaning is studied by semantics
E.g. the word ‘table’ refers to a definite piece of furniture
E.g. the word 'blue' refers to a colour but can also be associated with feeling down or upset
5. Language and speech as two main notions of modern linguistics.
Who separated language and speech?
The distinction between language and speech was made by
Ferdinand de Saussure
, the Swiss scholar
LANGUAGE
the number of these combinations is endless
a collective body of knowledge, it is a set of basic elements, but these elements can form a great variety of combinations
SPEECH
closely connected with language, as it is the result of using the language, the result of a definite act of speaking.
is individual, personal while language is common for all individuals
7. Systemic relations in language: Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations and their types.
SYNTAGMATIC relations
(speech)
coordinate SR
exist between the homogeneous linguistic units that are equal in rank, that is, they are the relations of independence: you and me; They were tired but happy.
subordinate SR
the relations of dependence when one linguistic unit depends on the other: teach + er – morphological level; a smart student – word-group level; predicative and subordinate clauses – sentence level.
predicative SR
the relations of interdependence: primary and secondary predication.
PARADIGMATIC relations
(language)
semantic PR
the similarity of meaning: a book to read = a book for reading. He used to practice English every day – He would practice English every day.
formal PR
the similarity of forms. Such relations exist between the members of a paradigm: man – men; play – played – will play – is playing.
functional PR
the similarity of function. They are established between the elements that can occur in the same position. For instance, noun determiners: a, the, this, his, Ann’s, some, each, etc.
PR are associated with the sphere of ‘language’.
Each level has its own system.
Therefore, language is regarded as
a system of systems
.
D.I.Salygan :
, SE 15-20
Kyiv: KNLU, 2023