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Trait Approach - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Model:
        
        Basic tendencies are genetic and heritable
        
        Characteristic adaptations are culturally conditions phenomena (are not traits but are various beliefs, goals etc.)
        
        Part of characteristic adaptation is our self concept
        
        Also partly influenced by the environment
        
        But our life is the objective biography - this is the behaviour we engage in
        
        External influences affect characteristic adaptation and objective biography, and vice versa
  - - - 58,000 participants provided FB likes, demographic information
        
        Found that FB likes significantly predicted personality profiles of participants - as well as demographic information
        
        Using FB likes is almost as useful in predicting personality as knowing ones previous personality test score for Openness (self-reported)
    - - 86,220 participants completed the 100-item International Personality Item Pool (IPIP)
        
        Computer-based personality judgements, based on computer likes were obtained
        
        A sample were judged by one friend, A sample judged by two friends
        
        Main results:
        
        Computer outperforms colleauge when it comes to personality when you only provide it with 10 likes
        
        If you provide the computer with 70 likes you can outperform a friend
        
        If you provide computer with 150 likes you can outperform a family member
        
        If you provide 300 likes you can outperform a spouse
        
        Implications for Marketing
        
        Psychographics for marketing purposes - much better at predicting buying behaviour than demographics
        
        Prediction
        
        Life outcomes associated with personality traits
        
        Individual outcomes, interpersonal and institutional outcomes
        
        This is why personality has been shown to have good applied value - you can infer a lot about dating satisfaction, leadership, humour, political views, etc.
- - - - Argue that stability in individual behaviour is only due to:
        
        Stability in external situations
        
        Unstable external situations create unstable individual differences
    - - No agreement on how to define, describe, and measure situations
        
        Variance that situations explain in behaviour is not usually high (similar to variance traits explain)
        
        Different individuals can perceive the same situation in different ways - these relate to individuals' personality
        
        Situations in experiments are often artificial and don't allow participants to express personality
- - - - Two main aspects:
        
        Traits do exist as neuropsychic structures that are particular to individuals
        
        They really cause behaviour
        
        Exist in a unique way in one personality (idiographic approach and are distributed in the population (nomothetic approach)
        
        Idiographic = unique organisation of a trait within an individual
        
        Nomothetic = we can differentiate all people on a particular trait (we are all able to be placed on any trait dimension)
- - - - A mathematical procedure that can reduce a large number of correlations to a smaller number of factors → Latent variables that cause the intercorrelations
        
        Explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis
        
        Explanatory = when you don't know how many factors you have
        
        Latent variable factor causes correlations between variables
        
        Confirmatory = better at hypothesis testing and theory testing, want to confirm a hypothesised structure of personality
        
        Now the most widely used with powerful computers
        
        If there is a good fit between the model and data the model/theory is corroborated