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Cells, Origins of Life , Endosymbiotic Theory, Endosymbiotic Theory, -…

- - - - Using RNA polymerase
    - - Structure to Body
      - Regulation Metabolism
      - Using Ribosomes
- - - - Circular DNA
      - No Membrane Bound Organelles
      - Smaller Genome Size
      - Odd Numbered Ribosomes
  - - - Arise ~ 1.8 Billion Years Ago
      - Predominately made geologically stable biomarkers
        
        Cholesterol
      - Under Low Oxygen Conditions
        
        Remained Low for 2 Billion Years
    - - Animal Cells
        
        Aerobic Respiration
        
        Steps
        
        Step 1
        
        Glycolysis
        
        Series of 10 reactions
        
        Products
        
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        Begins With
        
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        Step 2
        
        Citric Acid Cycle
        
        First
        
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        Second
        
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        Step 3
        
        Oxidative Phosphorylation
        
        Electron Transport Chain
        
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        ATP Synthase
        
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        Utilizes
        
        Cytoplasm
        
        Over Time
        
        More Efficient
        
        More Complex
        
        More Specialized Enzymes
        
        Utilizes
        
        Oxidizing Agents
        
        Two Types
        
        Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
        
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        Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
        
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        Adenosine Triphosphate
        
        Phosphate Group Added to ADP
        
        Creates High Energy Bond
        
        ATP
        
        Primary Energy Courier
      - Plant/Fungi Cells
        
        Capable Of
        
        Fermentation
        
        NADH recycled
        
        to NAD+
        
        Plants
        
        End in Ethanol
        
        Animals
        
        End in Lactic Acid
        
        Photosynthesis
        
        History of Plant Life
    - - Membrane Bound Organelles
        
        Plant Cells
        
        Plastids
        
        Types
        
        Etioplasts
        
        Precursor of
        
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        Chloroplasts
        
        Typically Green
        
        Used for Photosynthesis
        
        Structure
        
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        Chromoplasts
        
        Colored Plastids
        
        Pigment Synthesis and Storage
        
        Leucoplasts
        
        Colorless
        
        Monoterpene Synthesis
        
        Amyloplasts
        
        Starch Storage
        
        Elaioplasts
        
        Storage of Fat
        
        Proteinoplasts
        
        Storage and Modifying Proteins
        
        Inheritance
        
        Mainly From
        
        Egg Parent
        
        Gynmosperms
        
        From Sperm Parent
        
        Endomembrane System
        
        Continuous Connected Membrane
        
        Forms Multiple Organelles
        
        Endoplasmic Reticulum
        
        Plasma Membrane
        
        Made of phospholipid
        
        Some Organisms
        
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        Embedded with proteins
        
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        Golgi Body
        
        Nuclear Envelope
        
        Animal Cells
        
        Mitochondria
        
        Structure
        
        Inner Membrane
        
        Cristae
        
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        Location of Oxidative Phosphorylation
        
        Matrix
        
        Internal Solution
        
        Location of Citric Acid Cycle
        
        Outer Membrane
      - Cell Wall
        
        Layer of Additional Protection
        
        Create Turgor Pressure along with Central Vacuole
        
        Composed Of
        
        Cellulose
        
        Made Of
        
        Beta Glucose
        
        Hemicellulose
        
        Pectin
        
        Remains Somewhat Flexible
        
        Permits Growth
      - Cytoskeleton
        
        Microfilaments
        
        Important Vesicle Movement
        
        Near Membrane
        
        Actin
        
        Intermediate Filaments
        
        More Permanent
        
        Fix Things In Place
        
        Tetramers
        
        Microtubules
        
        Trackway for Long-Range Movement
        
        Transport Vesicles
        
        Types of Tubulin
        
        Alpha
        
        Beta
- - - - Containing Most Necessary Molecules
    - - Membrane Bubbles
        
        Contain Information Molecules
        
        Perform Limited Number of Metabolic Reactions
        
        Able to Divide
        
        Able to Interact
        
        Able to Infuse
        
        Able to Share
        
        Genomes
        
        Metabolic Activities
  - - - Sandwich to Lipid Vesicle with DNA inside
- - - - Synthesizing Limited Molecules
      - Origin Basic Metabolic Pathways
      - Those Less Dependent
        
        On Exogenous Sources of Nutrients
- - - - Emerged approximately 1.6 billion years ago
  - - - Before 600 Million Years Ago
- - - - Scientists Believed
        
        Ammonia and Methane
        
        Most Abundant in Early Earth Atmosphere
  - - - Created
    - - Later experiments
        
        Showed Reducing Atmosphere Necessary
        
        4H to 1C
        
        Absence of Oxygen
    - - Showed
        
        Biomolecules Can Form Under These Conditions
  - - - To Form by Physical Processes
        
        Trajectory Eventually Independent of Physical Processes
    - - To Lay Evolutionary Groundwork for Living Cells
    - - Necessary for Growth
  - - - RNA could have replaced it as a precursor
    - - RNA
        
        Information Rich Molecule
        
        Form by Self Organization
        
        Catalyze own Replication
        
        As Life Matured
        
        Evolution Introduced Division of Labor
        
        DNA provided more stable library
        
        Proteins took over most catalytic functions
      - Complexity/Specialization
        
        Evolved Overt Time
        
        Simple Beginnings Based
        
        On Naturally Occurring Molecules
        
        Biological Freedom from Physical Process
        
        As Biosynthetic Pathways Evolved
        
        Complex Biochemistry
        
        Shaped By
        
        Natural Selection
        
        Gene Duplication
        
        Lateral Transfer
- - - - Environmental Isotopes
        
        Carbon
        
        Different Number of Neutrons
        
        World Makeup
        
        1.109%
        
        C13
        
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        98.9%
        
        C12
        
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        1 Part Per Trillion
        
        C14
        
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        Important in Modern Biosynthetic Pathways
        
        Glycolysis
        
        Final Product
        
        Pyruvate
        
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        Evidence for Photosynthesis
        
        in Very Old Rocks
      - Fossils And Biomolecules
        
        Within Strata
  - - - Photosynthesis
        
        Evidence of Organic Microbial Mats
        
        Stromatolite like structures
        
        Isotopic Signature Suggests
  - - - Appear Suddenly
        
        Reasons
        
        Intermediate forms didn't fossilize
        
        Very Few fossils with limited distribution
- - - - Creates Tree
        
        Tree of Life
        
        Based on similarity of ribosomes
        
        RNA
        
        Proteins
        
        History of Life Microbial
        
        Groups Closeer
        
        More Similarity in Ribosomes
- - - - Photosynthesis Only on Upper Branches of Bacterial Limb
    - - for Molecules Needed for Life
        
        CH3
        
        N
        
        S
    - - Some suggest
        
        May Predated Biological Macromolecules
        
        Hydrogen Sulfide
        
        React With Iron Monosulfide
        
        Pyrite
        
        Yield Energy
        
        Yield Chemical Reducing Power
        
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        Powering Fixation of CO2
        
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    - - Often in Extreme Environments
        
        Examples
        
        Hydrogen Bacteria
        
        Iron Bacteria
        
        Colorless Sulfur Bacteria
        
        Nitrite/Nitrate Bacteria
- - - - Over Time
        
        Symbiosis Becomes Interdependence