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Carbon Properties, Alkanes, Fractional distillation, catalytic…
Carbon Properties
Carbon
Non-metal
Group 5
forms covalent compounds
Serveral forms (diamond, graphite etc)
Carbon can form a variety of molecules
Their chemistry is know as organic chemistry
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon-containing compound
(there are more carbon compound than all of the other elements put together)
Alkanes
properties
boiling point increases the more carbon
shorter alkanes evaporate more easily
shorter alkanes are more flameable
Single covalent bonds
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
2 et
3 prop
4 but
5 pent
6 hex
7 hept
8 oct
9 non
10 deca
methyl
dimethyl
trimethyl
Paraffin (original name)
...ane
Fractional distillation
paraffin/kerosene 180
lubricating oil
naphta 110
fuel oil
diesel oil 260
bitumen 340
gasoline 40
separated in different groups of hydrocarbons with different boiling points
the boiling point is related to the numero of carbon atoms
catalytic cracking/steam cracking
1) turn into a gas the hydrocarbons
cracking --> tharmal decomposition reaction
catalytic
mix the gas with hot powdered alluminium oxide that splits into two parts
500 degrees and a catalysst
steam/thermal
mix gas with steam and heat which causes it to spilit in two parts
750 degrees and 70atm
long alkane --> short alkane + alkene
decane --> heptane + propene
types of cracking
Catalytic Cracking
(low temperature, pressure and using a catalyst)
Thermal Cracking
(high temperature and pressure)
Addition reactions (alkenes)
Ethene + Bromine = dibromoethane
Bromination
Ethene + Hydrogen = Ethane
Hydrogenation
Ethene + water(steam) = ethan-ol
Hydration
Alkenes
1 double covalent bond
Each carbon should have 4 bonds
CₙH₂ₙ
Olefine (original name)
...ene
HydroCarbons
Alphatic
alkanes
only
single bonds
homologouse series = that they all have similar properties
Saturated
Alkenes
at least
one double bond
Unsaturated
homologouse series = that they all have similar properties
Reactions alkanes
combustion(exothermic)
hydrogen and carbon are oxidized
hydrocarbon + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water
Isomerism
types of isomerism:
position isomerism
the carbon chain doesn't change but their position does
conformational isomerism
carbons rotate arround a single bond
structural isomerism
arrangement of carbon atom differens (different physical properties)
configurational isomerism
differe in 3 dimernsional arrangement in space