Flora:
Some plants that grow in the tundra include grasses, willow trees.

They grow close together, low to the ground and they remain small. Many plants in the biome have a wax type of fuzzy, hairy coating on them which helps to shield them from the cold and the wind.

Fauna:
lemmings, voles, caribou, arctic hares and squirrels. Carnivorous mammals: arctic foxes, wolves, and polar bears. Migratory birds: ravens, snow buntings, falcons, loons, sandpipers, terns, snow birds, and various species of gulls.

Warm winter coats. Many mammals have specialized coats to ward off the winter cold. Heat-efficient body shape. Camouflage. Hibernation.

Climate:
Temperatures are frequently extremely cold, but can get warm in the summers. Tundra winters are long, dark, and cold, with mean temperatures below 0°C for six to 10 months of the year.

Flora: Examples of flora in temperate grasslands are buffalo grass, cacti, sagebrush, perennial grasses, sunflowers, clovers and wild indigos.

Soft stems enable prairie grasses to bend in the wind. Narrow leaves minimize water loss. Many grasses are wind pollinated and are well-suited to the exposed, windy conditions of the grasslands.

Fauna: Animal life in temperate grasslands ranges from carnivores like lions and wolves to other wildlife such as deer, skunks, snakes, foxes, owls and grasshoppers.

Some animal adaptations to survive in the grasslands are camouflage, burrowing, being social and having special adaptations to eat grass.

Climate: Tend to have cold winter and warm summers,
there are a few trees to be found along streams but not many trees overall, due to the dry climate.

Flora:
Evergreen trees with broad leaves form the major vegetation of tropical rainforests. Trees are tall and form the canopy layer. Orchids, fern, rubber trees, rosewood trees, mahogany trees, palm trees, bamboo trees and cycads, along with spice trees such as clove and cinnamon are found in these forests.
Lianas - these are woody vines that have roots in the ground but climb up the trees to reach the sunlight. Their leaves and flowers grow in the canopy.
Tree trunks - these are tall and thin to allow trees to reach the sunlight. The bark on these trees is smooth to allow water to flow down to the roots easily.
Drip tips - plants have leaves with pointy tips. This allows water to run off the leaves quickly without damaging or breaking them.
Epiphytes - these are plants which live on the branches of trees high up in the canopy. They get their nutrients from the air and water, not from the soil.

Climate:
The average temperature in tropical rainforests ranges from 70 to 85°F (21 to 30°C). The environment is pretty wet in tropical rainforests, maintaining a high humidity of 77% to 88% year-round.

Flora:
Common grasses in tropical grasslands include Bermuda grass, elephant grass, blue fescue, feather grass, Rhodes grass, red oats grass and lemon grass. These grasses generally go dormant during the dry period and then grow rapidly during the wet season.

They have long, narrow leaves that don't need very much water, extensive roots that spread out wide and deep, soft stems, and can even go dormant, or stop growing leaves, seeds, and roots until spring, to survive their tough environment.

Fauna:
giraffes, zebras, buffaloes, kangaroos, snakes, beetles, lions, leopards, hyenas, and elephants.

Grassland animal adaptations include hooves for running on plains, flat teeth and enzymes for digesting grasses, light brown fur color for camouflage in dry grasses; small burrowing animals have large front claws for digging holes and a nocturnal circadian rhythm for avoiding predators.

Climate:
While temperatures are often extreme in some grasslands, the average temperatures are about -20°C to 30°C. Tropical grasslands have dry and wet seasons that remain warm all the time. Temperate grasslands have cold winters and warm summers with some rain.

Fauna:
rain forest mammals include sloths, tapirs, jaguars, ocelots, kinkajous, lemurs and agouti. Many types of frogs, salamanders, snakes and lizards can be found in almost every layer of the forest.

The sloth uses camouflage and moves very slowly to make it difficult for predators to spot.

The spider monkey has long, strong limbs to help it to climb through the rainforest trees.

The toucan has a long, large bill to allow it to reach and cut fruit from branches that are too weak to support its weight.

The flying frog has fully webbed hands and feet, and a flap of loose skin that stretches between its limbs, which allows it to glide from plant to plant.

Biotic:
Caribou (two layers of insulating fur), arctic foxes (short muzzles and ears, thick fur), polar bears (a lot of fur, white colour to serve as camouflage), willow trees (low lying structure and shallow root system), shrubs (grow together and low to the ground, remain small),

Abiotic:
cold temperatures, limited precipitation, permafrost, and strong winds.

Biotic:
Grasses, bushes, trees, predators, grazing animals, fungi.

Abiotic:
Energy from sun, dry temperatures some rain, wildfires and wind.

Biotic: bison (broad, flat-topped teeth to help with grass eating), antelope (golden coat and long legs to escape from predators), grasshoppers (sharp hearing and water-proof cuticles), lilies (soft stems to bend in the wind) and wildflowers (wind pollinated to suit the open, windy plains).

Abiotic:
water, soil nutrients, temperature, rainfall, humidity, sunlight.