Cleft Lip and Palate

Types of Cleft Lip and Palate

Embryology

Complications

Treatment and Management

Cleft Lip

Unilateral Cleft Lip
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Front, maxillary, mandibular processes form the face, neural crest origin, left left lip due to failure of fusion of median nasal and maxillary processes

Cleft Palate

Palatal process from maxillary processes fuse with premaxilla and nasal septum from anterior to posterior

Submucous cleft-palate
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Bifid uvula, zona pellucida, palpable notch hard palate

Soft palate
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Hard Palate

Unilateral
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Bilateral
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Sequences of Intervention

Prenatal

0-3 Months

Cleft Palate coordinator
Geneticist

Feeding,
Surgical preparation,
Auditory brain stem Response

3-6 Months

Lip Repair
Consideration of typanostomy tubes

10-18 Months

Speech and Language education
Palate Repair
Behavioral Audiometry
Tympanostomy Tubes
Evaluation of primary dentition

5 Years

Initial Team Conference

6-9 Years

Team Reassessment
Possible secondary surgery for speech

8-14 Years

orthodontia +/- bone graft

Adolescence

Consider lip and nose revision
Team Conference if Necessary
Psychosocial

Syndromes and Associations

Pierre Robin Sequence

Characteristics: Micrognathia, Glossoptosis, U Shaped cleft palate

Treatment: Positioing, NG Tube, Surgeries

22q11.2 deletion (Digeorge without immune deficiency)

Velocardiofacial syndrome: Overt cleft palate, submucous cleft palate or weak palate

Feeding issues

Need to feed in upright posiotion to diminish nasal regurgitation, frequenbt burning, breast feeding is difficult, special squeenze bottle and nipple smyptoms can be used

Dental Concerns

Maxillary midline deviated to unaffected side, nasal septum deviated to unaffected side, flat alar cartilage, short columella

Presence of tongue in cleft

0-3 months

Taping + Surgery

Steristrips + Tegaderm

Naso-Alveolar Molding

Improved Feeding, tongue position, symmetry of alar domes

Reduced tension on lip close, stable platform for nasal repair, realignment of alveolar segments, reduction in need for secondary alveolar bone graft

3-6 months

Lip Repair

Repair and oreint properly underlying muscle

ENT Issues

Eustachian tube pulley system is non intact and prevents easy opening

Air is absorbed by middle ear mucosa, negative middle ear pressure, sucks fluid out of mucosa, effusion and development of chronic otitis media

ENT

Tympanostomy tubes to ventilate middle ear

Auditory Brainstem Response: Determine if tubes needed

Velopharygeal Insufficiency

Hypernasality of speech

Treatment with: Speech therapy, nasopharyngoscopy, plastic surgery

Missing, malformed, malpositioned or supernumary teeth

Alveolar Bone Graft Surgery

Maxillary expander -> Alveolar bone graft

Goals: Provision of adequate bone to support adjacent teth and permit eruption of canine and/or lateral incisor, provide support for lateal of nose, provide suitable bony morphology on the cleft side, establihs fucntional airway on cleft side

Nasal Tip Revision: Improve aspect of nose with less scaring