Cleft Lip and Palate
Types of Cleft Lip and Palate
Embryology
Complications
Treatment and Management
Cleft Lip
Unilateral Cleft Lip
Front, maxillary, mandibular processes form the face, neural crest origin, left left lip due to failure of fusion of median nasal and maxillary processes
Cleft Palate
Palatal process from maxillary processes fuse with premaxilla and nasal septum from anterior to posterior
Submucous cleft-palate
Bifid uvula, zona pellucida, palpable notch hard palate
Soft palate
Hard Palate
Unilateral
Bilateral
Sequences of Intervention
Prenatal
0-3 Months
Cleft Palate coordinator
Geneticist
Feeding,
Surgical preparation,
Auditory brain stem Response
3-6 Months
Lip Repair
Consideration of typanostomy tubes
10-18 Months
Speech and Language education
Palate Repair
Behavioral Audiometry
Tympanostomy Tubes
Evaluation of primary dentition
5 Years
Initial Team Conference
6-9 Years
Team Reassessment
Possible secondary surgery for speech
8-14 Years
orthodontia +/- bone graft
Adolescence
Consider lip and nose revision
Team Conference if Necessary
Psychosocial
Syndromes and Associations
Pierre Robin Sequence
Characteristics: Micrognathia, Glossoptosis, U Shaped cleft palate
Treatment: Positioing, NG Tube, Surgeries
22q11.2 deletion (Digeorge without immune deficiency)
Velocardiofacial syndrome: Overt cleft palate, submucous cleft palate or weak palate
Feeding issues
Need to feed in upright posiotion to diminish nasal regurgitation, frequenbt burning, breast feeding is difficult, special squeenze bottle and nipple smyptoms can be used
Dental Concerns
Maxillary midline deviated to unaffected side, nasal septum deviated to unaffected side, flat alar cartilage, short columella
Presence of tongue in cleft
0-3 months
Taping + Surgery
Steristrips + Tegaderm
Naso-Alveolar Molding
Improved Feeding, tongue position, symmetry of alar domes
Reduced tension on lip close, stable platform for nasal repair, realignment of alveolar segments, reduction in need for secondary alveolar bone graft
3-6 months
Lip Repair
Repair and oreint properly underlying muscle
ENT Issues
Eustachian tube pulley system is non intact and prevents easy opening
Air is absorbed by middle ear mucosa, negative middle ear pressure, sucks fluid out of mucosa, effusion and development of chronic otitis media
ENT
Tympanostomy tubes to ventilate middle ear
Auditory Brainstem Response: Determine if tubes needed
Velopharygeal Insufficiency
Hypernasality of speech
Treatment with: Speech therapy, nasopharyngoscopy, plastic surgery
Missing, malformed, malpositioned or supernumary teeth
Alveolar Bone Graft Surgery
Maxillary expander -> Alveolar bone graft
Goals: Provision of adequate bone to support adjacent teth and permit eruption of canine and/or lateral incisor, provide support for lateal of nose, provide suitable bony morphology on the cleft side, establihs fucntional airway on cleft side
Nasal Tip Revision: Improve aspect of nose with less scaring