PDHPE
Core 1 - better health for individuals
What does health mean to individuals
WHO definition - "a state of complete physical, mental, and social, well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Dimensions of health
physical
mental
social
spiritual
relative and dynamic nature
health is always changing
relative health differes from time to time and person to person
dynamic health: Changes that occur at any point in a person's lifetime. Can be acute (minute to minute) or chronic (over a long period of time). Health is constantly changing.
Perceptions of healh
gender
socioeconomic status
age
location
cultural background
education
What influences health of individuals
determinants
individual determinants
sociocultural
socioeconomic
environment
family, peers, media, religion, culture
employment, education, income
access to technology
geographic location
access to health services
degree of control
modifiable
peers, knowledge, education, location, diet
skills, attitudes, knowledge, genetics
non modifiable
gender, genetics, age
health as a social construct
relationships of determinants
health affected by physicak, social, economic, and political views
development of personal skills
build supportive environment
challenges the idea that health is solely the individuals responsibility
strategies to promote the health of individuals
responsibilities for health promotion
government
NGO's
international organisations
community groups
individuals
health promotion approaches and strategies
lifestyle/behavioral approach
preventative medical approach
public health approach
core 2 - body in motion
How do the musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory systems of the body influence and respond to movement?
skeletal system
The skeletal system consists of bone tissue, bone marrow, cartlidge and the periosteum
Functions of skeletal system:
Support; provides a framework for muscles
Protection; protect internal organs
Movement; when muscles contract they pull on bones
Mineral storage; store calcium
Blood cell production; through the red bone marrow
Storage of energy; yellow bone marrow
Major bones involved in movement
Long bones; arms and legs
Short bones; wrists, ankles, fingers and toes
Flat bones; skull and breastbone
Irregular bones; vertebrae, facial bones and shoulder blade
Sesamoid bones; kneecap
Sutural bones; cranial bones
support and function
Tendons; tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Ligaments; tissue that attaches bone to bone
joint actions
Flexion; decreasing the angle between two bones
Extension; increasing the angle between two bones
Abduction; movement of a bone away from the midline
Adduction; movement of a bone towards the midline
Pronation; movement of forearm so that palm is posterior or inferior
Supination; movement of forearm so that palm is anterior or superior
Elevation; raising of a body part
Depression; lowering of a body part
Protraction; thrusting forward of a body part
Retraction; withdrawing of a body part
Dorsiflexion; bending of foot towards shin
Plantarflexion; bending of foot away from shin
Inversion; rotation of sole of foot inwards
Eversion; rotation of sole of foot outwards
Rotation: movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
Hyperextension; excessive extension of a body part
muscular system
muscle tissue
skeletal muscle: attached to bones
cardiac muscle: most of the heart
smooth muscle: wall in the internal structures
functions of muscle tissue
stabilisation: posture, internal organs
generate heat to maintain body temp
movement: walk, jump, breathe, digest
muslce relationships
agonist: main force for desired movement
antagonist: opposes particular movement
stabilizers: aids agonists by promoting same movement or reducing unnecessary moment or undesired action
type of muscle contractions
when muscles are in a relaxed state, they are soft and loose. contract to produce a force and become hard and elastic
isotonic: muscle fibres produce tension, muscle length changes as tension develops
concentric: the muscles shorten to pull on bones and bring them closer
eccentric: the muscle lengthens
isometric: tension develops in the muscle but it neither shortens or lengthens
respiratory system
lung function
four processes of the lung
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) - movement of air into the alveoli
Pulmonary diffusion - exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood
Transport of respiratory gases - between the lungs and the tissue cells through the blood
Internal respiration - exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells
exchange of gasses
Exchange of gases begins with inspiration and ends with the expiration of the breath
Between the air in alveoli and the blood capillaries occur across the respiratory membrane in a process known as pulmonary diffusion
structure and function
The organs in the respiratory system are nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), teachea (wind pipe), bronchi and the lungs
Respiration is the exchange of gases between the cells, blood and atmosphere
circulatory system
consists of the heart, blood, blood vessels
delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells, removes waste from cells and maintains the balance of water in the body
components of blood
transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products, and hormones to cells and organs around the body
protects us from bleeding to death; clotting and protects us from disease
blood has red blood cells and white blood cells; combat infection and inflammation and platelets; clotting
structure and function of the heart
provides the pump for circulating blood to the blood vessels in cells of the body
blood flows through the tissues of the body, oxygen and nutrients are dropped off and carbon dioxide and wastes are picked up
heart; and inoluntary muscle
left and right atrium: collect blood and supply correct volumes to the left and right ventricles
left and right ventricle: pump blood to body and lungs
network
arteries: carry blood away from the heart to tissues
veins carry blood from tissues back to the heart
valves within veins prevent the blood from flowing back the wrong way against the force of gravity
capillaries are small networks of vessels through which nutrients are exchanged between blood and the cells of the body
pulmonary and systematic circulation
blood pressure
pulmonary circulation: circulates blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs, then back to the heart
systematic circulation: pumps blood from the left side of the heart out to all body tissues, then back to the right side of the heart
deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium
the oxygenated blood enters the left atrium
the force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels
systolic blood pressure increases in direct proportion
diastolic blood pressure changes very little during exercise
blood pressure in measured using a stethoscope
What is the relationship between physical fitness, training and movement efficiency?
health-related components of physical fitness
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