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Measurement of Constructs - Coggle Diagram
Measurement of Constructs
Conceptualization is the mental process by which fuzzy and imprecise constructs (concepts) and their constituent components are defined in concrete and precise terms.
The conceptualization process is all the more important because of the imprecision, vagueness, and ambiguity of many social science constructs.
One important decision in conceptualizing constructs is specifying whether they are unidimensional and multidimensional.
Unidimensional constructs are those that are expected
to have a single underlying dimension.
Multidimensional constructs consist of two or more underlying dimensions.
Operationalization refers to the process of developing indicators or items for measuring these constructs.
The combination of indicators at the empirical level
representing a given construct is called a variable.
Also each indicator may have several attributes (or levels) and each attribute represent a value.
Values of attributes may be quantitative (numeric) or qualitative (non-numeric).
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Nominal scales, also called categorical scales, measure categorical data.
Ordinal scales are those that measure rank-ordered data, such as the ranking of students in a class as first, second, third, and so forth, based on their grade point average or test scores.
Interval scales are those where the values measured are not only rank-ordered,but are also equidistant from adjacent attributes.
Ratio scales are those that have all the qualities of nominal, ordinal, and interval scales, and in addition, also have a true zero point.
Binary scales are nominal scales consisting of binary items that assume one of two possible values, such as yes or no, true or false, and so on.
Designed by Rensis Likert, this is a very popular rating scale for
measuring ordinal data in social science research.
This scale includes Likert items that are simply worded statements to which respondents can indicate their extent of agreement or disagreement on a five- or seven-point scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree.
Semantic differential scale. This is a composite (multi-item) scale where respondents are asked to indicate their opinions or feelings toward a single statement using different pairs of adjectives framed as polar opposites.
Guttman scale. Designed by Louis Guttman, this composite scale uses a series of items arranged in increasing order of intensity of the construct of interest, from least intense to most intense.
The outcome of a scaling process is a scale, which is an empirical structure for measuring items or indicators of a given construct.
Thurstone equal-appearing scaling method. Louis Thurstone. one of the earliest
and most famous scaling theorists, published a method of equal-appearing intervals in 1925.
This method starts with a clear conceptual definition of the construct of interest.
Likert's summative scaling method The Likert method, a unidimensional scaling
method developed by Murphy and Likert (1938),
An index is a composite score derived from aggregating measures of multiple constructs
(called components) using a set of rules and formulas.
Scales and indexes generate ordinal measures of unidimensional constructs.
However, researchers sometimes wish to summarize measures of two or more constructs to create a set of categories or types called a typology.