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7. Systemic relations in language: Paradigmatic and syntagmatic…

- - - - semantic
        
        are based on the similarity of meaning: a book to read = a book for reading
        
        PR are associated with the sphere of ‘language’.
      - formal
        
        are based on the similarity of forms. Such relations exist between the members of a paradigm: man – men; play – played – will play – is playing.
      - functional
        
        are based on the similarity of function. They are established between the elements that can occur in the same position. For instance, noun determiners: a, the, this, his, Ann’s, some, each, etc.
  - - - coordinate
        
        exist between the homogeneous linguistic units that are equal in rank, that is, they are the relations of independence: you and me; They were tired but happy.
        
        SR are identified with ‘speech’
      - subordinate
        
        are the relations of dependence when one linguistic unit depends on the other: teach + er – morphological level; a smart student – word-group level; predicative and subordinate clauses – sentence level.
      - predicative
        
        SR are the relations of interdependence: primary and secondary predication.
        I saw her dancing
        I saw - primary predication
        her dancing - secondary predication