Biodiversity Conservation
Why we need Biodiversity
Economic Values
Ecosystem Values
Aesthetic and Recreational values
Spiritual, Religion, Cultural and Traditional values
Scientific Values
Ethical Values
Conservation of Biodiversity
In-Situ Conservation
Natural habitats of different species of plants and animals are protected
Cheap and natural way of conservation.
species are allowed to grow in their
own natural habitat.
Wild Life Sanctuary
established under Wildlife Protection Act
Regulated protection y declaring the Boundaries by controlling human activities.
There will not be core and Buffer areas
Activities Allowed
Grazing, Collection of Non Timber, Forest produce etc..
National Park
Highest Protection by declaring "Critical Wildlife Habitat" in core area.
It can be set up either inside or outside of a Sanctuary
Activities
No settlements allowed
(Exception: Primitive tribes won't be thrown out)
No human activities except tourism
No Biomass collection
Declaration and Removal can done by both Central or State governments.
Declaration: Through Notification
Removal: Through resolution
Biosphere Reserves
Terrestrial or Marine Ecosystem with unique genetic diversity with human cultural values.
3 Zones
Core Zone
Relatively undisturbed with zero human interference with Gene pool
Need permission from Central government for entering for tourism etc.
Buffer Zone
Less stringent rules than core zone. Some kind of disturbances are allowed
Scientific research
Monitoring Purpose
Education and Training
Transition Zone
It encompass with sustainable management
Eco Tourism, Agricultural activities etc..
Controlled Human activities
In a Biosphere reserve multiple core, buffer and transition zones can be set up.
Introduce by UNESCO as scientific management program to conserve and manage biosphere - MAB (Man and Biosphere) Programme
ESZ: Eco Sensitive Zone
Notified outside NP and sanctuaries.
It can be boundary of NP or Sanctuary.
Distance are set by the government.
Activities
Prohibited Activities
Mining, Quarrying, Polluted Units, Thermal Power Plants
Allowed Activities
Agriculture activities (Organic Farming), Horticulture, Aquaculture
Problems:
Man Animal Conflict
Controlled and Regulated Activities
Permission from the government is required from carrying such activities
Hotels, Restaurants, Resorts, Recreational activities
Established under Environment Protection Act 1986.
Recommended by WGEEP (Western Ghats Expert Ecology Panel) under Madhav Gadgil (Gadgil Committee)
Conservation and Community Reserve
Conservation Reserve
Land ownership is with both central and state governments.
No Human settlement, but land is used by local communities for resources
Community Reserve
Land ownership is with any individual or communities.
Human Settlement prevails
Example:
Kokkarebellur
Keshopur Miani
National Park, Sanctuary, Protected Forest and Reserved Forest outside of an area and connected to other protected area.
Zone between two Protected areas
Ex-Situ Conservation
Conservation need to be done outside of the natural habitat.
Under total human supervision
Plants
Seed Banks
Example: Svalbard Seed Bank
Worlds Largest seed bank
Example: Changla (Ladakh)
Worlds Second largest seed bank
Botanical Gardens
Animals
Captive Breeding Centres
Zoological Parks
Gene Parks